Candle Maker's Dictionary
Welcome to the Candle Maker’s Dictionary, your comprehensive guide to the art and science of candle making and the candle-making business. Whether you’re a novice enthusiast or a seasoned chandler, this dictionary aims to illuminate every aspect of candle crafting. Let this resource be a beacon as you navigate the fascinating world of candle making.
Accord:
A blend of multiple fragrance notes that work together to create a cohesive scent profile. Accords are carefully crafted combinations of top, middle, and base notes in specific proportions to achieve a balanced and harmonious fragrance in candles. Each note contributes unique aromatic characteristics, enhancing the overall scent experience and ensuring consistency in fragrance blending.
Additive:
Any substance added to wax to modify its properties, such as hardeners, UV stabilizers, scent fixatives, or dyes. Additives play a crucial role in customizing wax characteristics to meet specific candle-making requirements. For example, UV stabilizers protect candles from color fading due to sunlight exposure, while hardeners enhance the durability of pillar candles. Scent fixatives help retain fragrance oils, prolong scent throw, and dyes add vibrant colors to candles. Understanding the role of additives allows candle makers to tailor wax formulations for desired aesthetics, performance, and longevity.
Adhesion:
The ability of wax to stick to container walls, is crucial in container candles to prevent separation. Proper adhesion ensures that the melted wax adheres securely to the container’s interior surface as the candle burns. Factors influencing adhesion include wax type, pour temperature and container preparation. Ensuring strong adhesion minimizes the risk of wax pooling or leakage, enhancing the candle’s appearance and safety during burning. Candlemakers may use adhesion-promoting techniques or additives to achieve optimal wax adhesion in container candles.
Afterglow:
The smoldering ember or glow at the tip of a candle wick immediately after it has been extinguished. Afterglow occurs when the wick continues to emit heat and small amounts of smoke after the flame has been blown out. It is important to monitor and manage afterglow to prevent potential hazards, such as flashovers, where the remaining heat and ember could reignite surrounding materials or wax vapors. Proper wick trimming and ensuring complete extinguishment of the flame help minimize afterglow, enhancing the safety of candle use.
Aftersmoke:
The smoke that continues to rise from a wick after the flame has been extinguished. Aftersmoke occurs when the wick continues to smolder after the candle has been snuffed out, emitting thin wisps of smoke. It can be minimized by trimming the wick to an appropriate length before each use and ensuring complete extinguishment of the flame. Aftersmoke is a natural occurrence in candle burning but can be reduced through proper wick maintenance and burning practices, improving the overall candle-burning experience.
Air Pocket:
An unwanted void or bubble that forms in the wax during cooling. Air pockets can occur when pouring wax into molds or containers, causing uneven surfaces or structural weaknesses in finished candles. They are particularly problematic in molded candles, where they may affect the candle’s appearance or burn characteristics. Candle makers often use techniques such as tapping molds during pouring or adjusting pour temperatures to minimize air pocket formation. Proper cooling and curing processes help ensure candles are free from air pockets, achieving smooth and uniform surfaces.
Apricot Wax:
A natural wax derived from apricot kernels, used as an alternative to soy or paraffin wax. Apricot wax is valued for its clean-burning properties, excellent fragrance retention, and sustainable sourcing. Apricot wax blends well with other natural waxes and can be used in various candle types, including container candles and wax melts. Its smooth texture and creamy appearance enhance the aesthetic appeal of candles, making it a versatile option in candle making.
Aromatherapy Candle:
Candles infused with essential oils that are believed by some to promote relaxation, improve mood, or provide therapeutic benefits. Aromatherapy candles are designed to enhance well-being through the inhalation of natural plant extracts known for their calming, invigorating, or stress-relieving properties. Essential oils are carefully selected for their therapeutic effects, offering a natural alternative to synthetic fragrances in candle making.
Aroma Compound:
The chemical components that create a specific scent in candle fragrances. Aroma compounds are aromatic molecules found in fragrance oils or essential oils used to impart desired scents to candles. They interact with the olfactory receptors in the nose, producing distinct fragrance profiles that enhance the ambiance of a space when candles are burned. Candle makers select aroma compounds based on their scent characteristics, intensity, and compatibility with wax formulations.
ASTM:
Abbreviation for The American Society for Testing and Materials. It is an international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services. In the context of candle making and other industries, ASTM standards provide guidelines and specifications to ensure product quality, safety, and performance. These standards cover various aspects such as testing methods, material specifications, and recommended practices, helping manufacturers, consumers, and regulatory bodies establish consistent and reliable benchmarks for products like candles. Adhering to ASTM standards helps ensure that candles meet industry requirements for safety, performance, and environmental impact.
Bain-Marie:
A method used in candle making to melt wax safely and evenly by placing the wax container in a larger container filled with hot water. This indirect heating technique prevents direct exposure to high temperatures, reducing the risk of overheating or scorching the wax. It’s particularly useful for delicate waxes like soy or beeswax, helping to maintain their natural properties and preventing discoloration or degradation. Bain-Marie melting ensures gradual and controlled heating, preserving the integrity of the wax and enhancing safety during the melting process.
Base Note:
The scent element that lasts the longest and becomes more noticeable towards the end of the burn cycle. Base notes provide depth and richness to a fragrance, often characterized by warm, earthy, or musky tones. They contribute to the overall scent profile of a candle, lingering after the top and middle notes have dissipated. Base notes are essential for creating well-rounded and long-lasting candle fragrances, enhancing the ambiance and sensory experience during burning.
Batch Testing:
The process of testing representative samples from each batch of candles at the same time to ensure consistency, quality, and adherence to established standards throughout manufacturing.
Beeswax:
A natural wax produced by honey bees, valued for its natural sweet scent and long, clean burn. Beeswax is renowned for its purity and sustainability, making it a popular choice among candle makers seeking eco-friendly materials. It emits a subtle honey-like aroma when burned and produces a steady flame with minimal dripping or sooting. Beeswax candles are prized for their clean-burning qualities, long burn times, and ability to purify the air by emitting negative ions.
Blended Wax:
A mixture of two or more types of wax to achieve specific properties. Blended waxes combine different wax types, such as paraffin, soy, beeswax, or palm wax, to optimize characteristics like burn performance, fragrance retention, or texture. For example, blending soy wax with beeswax can enhance scent throw and provide a smoother finish, while combining paraffin wax with palm wax may improve candle hardness and mold release.
Bloom:
A whitish film that appears on the surface of some natural waxes, especially soy, due to crystallization. Also called “frosting,” bloom does not affect the candle’s performance but is a natural characteristic of certain waxes. It occurs when the wax cools and solidifies, causing natural oils or additives to migrate to the surface and crystallize. Many candle makers and consumers appreciate frosting for its rustic or snowy appearance, which adds to the candle’s charm. Techniques such as using additives or adjusting cooling conditions can minimize frosting for a smoother candle surface.
Bayberry Wax:
A natural wax derived from the berries of the bayberry bush (Myrica spp.), native to North America. Bayberry wax is traditionally obtained through a labor-intensive process of boiling bayberry berries to extract the wax, which forms on the surface of the water. It has a distinctive greenish-gray color and a natural, mild fragrance. Bayberry wax is valued in candle making for its clean-burning properties and unique aroma, often described as herbal or woodsy. It produces candles with a characteristic appearance and fragrance, making it popular for specialty and decorative candles. Due to its scarcity and labor-intensive extraction process, bayberry wax is considered a premium wax option in candle making.
Bayberry wax is known for its historical significance, particularly in colonial America, where it was prized for producing candles known as “bayberry candles.” These candles were often burned during the holiday season and symbolized prosperity and good luck. Today, bayberry wax continues to be used by artisan candle makers seeking natural and eco-friendly alternatives to conventional waxes like paraffin or soy.
Botanicals:
Plant materials, such as dried flowers, herbs, or spices, added to candles for decorative purposes. However, it’s important to note that using botanicals in candles can be hazardous and is generally not recommended. Botanicals can pose fire hazards if they come into contact with the candle flame or hot wax, potentially causing flare-ups or rapid combustion. Additionally, botanicals may release volatile oils or substances when exposed to heat, affecting candle performance and safety. Candle makers are advised to prioritize safety and avoid using botanicals that could compromise the integrity or safe burning of candles.
Bottom Note:
See “Base Note.” Bottom notes are the foundation of a fragrance, providing richness and depth that become more prominent as the candle burns.
Brand Identity:
The visual and communicative elements that define a candle business, encompassing logo, color palette, typography, and brand voice. Brand identity reflects the company’s values, positioning in the market, and differentiation from competitors.
Bridging:
Also known as a “Drowned Wick”. When a wick curls down into the melt pool, causing the flame to extinguish prematurely. Bridging occurs when the wick forms a barrier over the melt pool, hindering the wax from reaching and fueling the flame. This can lead to uneven burning and may create conditions for secondary ignition, where unburned wax vapors ignite briefly. Proper wick trimming and selection prevent bridging, ensuring consistent and efficient burning throughout the candle’s lifespan.
Burn Cycle:
The complete process of lighting a candle until it is extinguished. The burn cycle encompasses the stages of ignition, wax melting, fragrance release, and eventual consumption of the candle. Understanding the burn cycle helps candle makers optimize wick selection, wax formulation, and burning conditions to achieve desired burn times, scent throw, and visual appeal.
Burn Pool: See “Melt Pool”.
Burn Rate:
The speed at which a candle burns, usually measured in hours per ounce of wax. Burn rate varies depending on factors such as wick size, wax type, fragrance load, and ambient conditions. Candle makers calculate burn rate to estimate the candle’s lifespan and ensure consistent performance. Factors affecting burn rate include candle diameter, container size, and burning environment. Monitoring burn rate helps consumers gauge candle longevity and aids in troubleshooting burn issues such as tunneling or excessive wax consumption.
Burn Test:
A test to evaluate how a candle performs when burned, checking for proper melt pool formation, flame height, and other factors affecting burn quality. Burn tests are conducted to assess wick efficiency, wax compatibility, fragrance distribution, and overall candle performance. Candle makers observe burn test results to refine candle formulations, adjust wick sizes, or optimize pouring temperatures for improved burning characteristics. Conducting thorough burn tests ensures candles meet safety standards, deliver optimal scent throw, and provide an enjoyable user experience.
Burn Time:
The total number of hours a candle will burn before being completely consumed. Burn time varies based on factors such as candle size, wax type, wick size, and burning conditions. It is an important consideration for consumers when selecting candles for their intended use or as gifts. Candle makers specify burn times on product labels to inform consumers about expected candle lifespan and performance. Achieving accurate burn time requires proper wick trimming, wax formulation, and adherence to recommended burning practices.
Candle Bar:
A venue where customers can create custom candles, either independently or with assistance from a candle-making professional. Candle bars offer a hands-on experience for customers to choose fragrances, colors, and designs to personalize their candles.
Candle Carving:
The artistic technique of shaping and sculpting candles by carving designs, patterns, or intricate details into the wax. Candle carving involves using specialized tools such as knives, chisels, or heated implements to create textures, reliefs, or three-dimensional forms on the surface of the candle. This decorative technique allows for customization and personalization of candles, enhancing their aesthetic appeal and creating unique and visually striking candle designs. Candle carving is often used in artistic and ceremonial candles, adding a personalized touch to home decor or special occasions.
Candle Dye: See “Dye”
Candle Holder:
Various types of containers like votive holders or hurricane lamps for displaying and burning candles safely. Candle holders provide stability and protection for candles, preventing wax spills and protecting surfaces from heat damage during burning. They come in different materials and styles to complement candle aesthetics and enhance decorative appeal in home or commercial settings.
Candle Math:
Calculations used to determine the correct amounts of wax, fragrance, and dye for a specific candle size. Proper candle math ensures that ingredients are measured accurately to achieve desired burn times, scent throw, and aesthetic qualities without compromising safety.
Candle Making Kit:
A set containing essential tools and materials for beginners to start making candles at home. Candle-making kits typically include wax, wicks, fragrance oils or essential oils, dye or colorants, molds or containers, a pouring pitcher, a thermometer, and instructions. These kits provide an accessible way for enthusiasts to learn candle-making techniques and create personalized candles for gifts or home decor.
Candle Tin:
A candle vessel that is made from tin, aluminum, or stainless steel. Often sold with a metal lid.
Canola Wax:
Also known as “Rapeseed” Wax, it is a natural wax made from canola oil, used as an alternative to soy or paraffin. Canola wax offers similar benefits to soy wax, such as clean burning and a good scent throw.
Capillary Action:
The process by which liquid wax travels up the wick to fuel the flame. Understanding capillary action helps candle makers select appropriate wick sizes and materials to ensure efficient wax consumption and consistent burning.
Carbon Buildup:
The accumulation of carbon on the wick that can cause sooting and mushrooming. Managing carbon buildup is crucial for maintaining a clean and safe burn. Regular wick trimming and proper wick selection help minimize carbon buildup and enhance candle performance.
Cavity:
The hollow center of a mold where wax is poured. Ensuring mold cavities are clean and dry before pouring the wax helps achieve smooth and uniform candle surfaces. This can also mean the inside of a large air bubble in the wax. The use of this word can differ by context.
Candle Warmer:
A device that warms candles without a flame to release fragrance or provide ambiance. Candle warmers are preferred for use with wickless candles, which often have higher fragrance loads compared to traditional candles with wicks. By gently heating the wax, candle warmers melt the wax evenly and release fragrance into the air without burning, offering a safer and longer-lasting alternative to burning candles.
CD Wick:
Designed specifically for container candles and characterized by their paper filament core. They are known for their ability to provide a stable and consistent burn, reducing the formation of carbon buildup (mushrooming) at the tip of the wick. CD wicks are popular choices for container candles made from various types of wax, offering reliable performance and minimal maintenance during burning.
Centering Tool:
A device used to hold the wick in the center of a container while the wax solidifies. Centering tools promote even wax distribution around the wick, preventing off-center burns and ensuring a uniform candle appearance.
Ceremonial Candle:
Candles made specifically for religious or ceremonial purposes. Safety precautions should be observed when using ceremonial candles to prevent fire hazards and ensure proper candle handling during rituals or ceremonies.
Chandler:
A person who makes or sells candles; a candle maker. Chandler’s expertise includes understanding wax properties, wick selection, and candle safety practices to produce high-quality candles.
Chatter Marks:
Irregular lines or ridges that appear on the surface of a molded candle. Minimizing chatter marks requires proper mold preparation and wax pouring techniques to achieve smooth and professional-looking candles.
Clamshells:
Plastic containers with hinged lids, commonly used for storing and displaying wax melts or tarts. While convenient for packaging, caution should be exercised to prevent overheating or melting the plastic when using wax melts in clamshells.
Clogged Wick:
A wick that has become obstructed with carbon buildup, fragrance oils, and even dyes, preventing proper burning. Regular maintenance, such as trimming and cleaning wicks, helps prevent clogging and ensures optimal candle performance. Avoiding the use of Mica Powders or other additives that do not melt can clog a wick.
CLP:
Abbreviation for “Classification, Labeling, and Packaging,” which ensures the safe handling, transport, and use of candle products. Compliance with CLP regulations is essential for proper container labeling and consumer safety.
Clubbing: See “Mushrooming”
Coconut Wax:
A very soft natural wax made from coconut oil, known for its excellent scent throw and clean burning. It is considered a luxury wax.
Cold Throw:
The scent emitted by an unlit candle. Cold throw helps evaluate fragrance intensity and quality before burning and is essential for scent selection.
Colorant: See “dye”
Concrete Candle Vessel:
A candle container made of concrete, known for its durability and industrial aesthetic. Concrete candle vessels are often used for their modern and minimalist design, providing a unique look to candle displays.
Container Candle:
A candle that is poured and burned within a container, typically glass or metal. Proper container selection and maintenance ensure candle safety and performance.
Container Integrity:
The ability of a vessel to withstand the heat generated by a burning candle without cracking or breaking. Choosing containers with adequate heat resistance is crucial for safe candle burning.
Container Wax:
Wax that is specifically formulated for use in a container or vessel, typically with good adhesion properties. Proper container wax selection ensures optimal burn performance and adherence to container surfaces. Most container waxes will be medium to soft in hardness and creamier in texture than pillar candle wax.
Consignment:
A business arrangement where a retailer agrees to sell candles on behalf of the candle maker, paying them only after the candles are sold. Consignment allows candle makers to reach new markets and expand their customer base without upfront costs.
Cooling Rack:
A rack used to cool candles after pouring to facilitate even cooling and prevent surface imperfections. Cooling racks allow air circulation around candles as they solidify, helping to maintain uniform texture and appearance. Proper cooling is essential for achieving smooth and professional-looking candles, reducing the risk of uneven cooling or surface defects.
Copyright:
Legal protection granted to creators of original works, including candle designs or fragrance formulas, prohibiting unauthorized use or reproduction without permission.
Core:
The center of a wick, often made of cotton, paper, or zinc. Wick cores provide stability, structure, and change or enhance the capillary action to ensure proper burning and prevent wick deformation during candle use.
Coreless Wick:
A wick made entirely of braided or twisted fiber without a separate core material. Coreless wicks are used in container candles to minimize carbon buildup and ensure consistent burn performance.
Cost of Goods (COGS):
The total direct costs incurred in producing or acquiring a candle product, including raw materials (wax, fragrance oils, wicks, containers), labor costs directly related to production (such as assembly and packaging), and any overhead costs directly attributable to manufacturing. COGS does not include indirect expenses like marketing or distribution costs. Calculating COGS is essential for determining profitability, setting pricing strategies, and managing inventory effectively.
Cotton Core Wick:
A wick with a core made primarily of cotton fibers, braided to enhance rigidity and burn stability. Cotton core wicks are popular for their clean-burning qualities and minimal sooting, suitable for various candle types.
Cotton Wick:
A wick made primarily from cotton fibers, which may be braided or shaped. Cotton wicks are valued for their clean burn and minimal sooting when properly sized and maintained.
Crystallization:
The formation of crystal structures as wax cools and solidifies. Crystallization is a natural process in some waxes and can affect candle appearance and texture.
Curing:
The process of allowing a freshly poured candle to set and the fragrance to blend with the wax over time. Proper curing enhances scent throw and ensures optimal candle performance.
Cure Time:
The recommended period of time that a candle must sit to cool and harden before burning. Depending on the wax, the cure time can be anywhere from 48 hours to several weeks. Two weeks (14 days) is the standard and ideal cure time for almost all candles, regardless of the manufacturer’s suggestions. Adequate cure time allows fragrances to mature and bind with the wax, maximizing scent release during burning.
Decorative Candle:
A candle designed primarily for display rather than burning. These candles are not recommended for burning due to potential safety hazards associated with their design or materials.
Delamination:
When the wax pulls away from the container walls after cooling. Delamination occurs when the adhesion between the wax and the container diminishes during cooling, causing the wax to shrink and separate from the container’s surface. This can result in unsightly gaps or patches of exposed container material. Proper container selection, preheating, and wax formulation techniques help minimize delamination and ensure candles maintain their aesthetic integrity.
Dessert Candle: See “Gourmand”
Diffusion:
The process by which aromatic compounds disperse and spread throughout the air from a scented candle. When a candle is burned, heat from the flame vaporizes fragrance oils infused within the wax from the melt pool. These volatile molecules are released into the surrounding environment, where they diffuse through the air, creating a pleasant aroma. Diffusion is influenced by factors such as the type and concentration of fragrance used, burning conditions, and air circulation in the room. Achieving optimal diffusion enhances the candle’s scent throw, filling the space with the desired fragrance and contributing to a pleasing sensory experience.
Dipped Candle:
A dipped candle is created by repeatedly dipping a wick into melted wax to build up layers and create the candle’s shape. This traditional method allows candle makers to control the size and thickness of the candle by adjusting the number of dips. Dipped candles, often associated with taper candles, can be made from various types of wax and are valued for their elegant appearance and customizable design. Careful dipping and cooling cycles are essential to achieve smooth, uniform layers and desired candle dimensions.
Double Boiler:
A two-pot system used to melt wax safely by placing the wax container inside another pot containing water. This indirect heating method prevents direct exposure to high temperatures, reducing the risk of wax overheating or scorching. Double boilers are commonly used in candle making to maintain controlled melting temperatures and ensure safe handling of wax.
Double Pour:
A technique primarily used in container candles where wax is poured in two stages. Initially, a small amount of wax is poured to seal the wick and ensure proper adhesion. After this layer sets, the remaining volume is filled with a second pour of wax. This method helps prevent sinkholes and promotes even cooling for a smooth candle surface.
Double Wicking:
Using two or more wicks in a single candle to ensure even burning or increase heat output. Double wicking is employed in larger candles or those with wider diameters to promote uniform wax consumption and prevent tunneling. Proper wick placement and sizing are crucial to achieve balanced flame distribution and efficient burning throughout the candle’s lifespan.
Dough Bowls:
Wooden bowls are sometimes used as candle vessels. Since they are made of wood, they must be treated with a flame retardant to reduce the risk of fire. Dough bowls are popular for their rustic and natural appearance, adding a decorative touch to candle displays.
Drowned Wick (Drowning Out):
Also known as Bridging. When a wick becomes submerged in melted wax and extinguishes. Drowning out occurs when excess wax floods the wick’s flame, depriving it of oxygen and causing it to extinguish prematurely. This can disrupt the candle’s burn cycle and lead to inefficient wax consumption. Proper wick trimming and maintaining the correct wax level in containers help prevent drowning out and ensure consistent candle performance.
Dry Burn:
The process of burning a container candle until all the wax inside has been melted and consumed by the flame, leaving no wax residue in the container. This is a potentially dangerous situation that can result in the container overheating, and in the case of a glass container, it can shatter, burn the surface on which the candle sits, or create a vapor ignition..
Dupe:
A fragrance created to mimic or replicate another popular scent in the market. Dupe fragrances are formulated to closely resemble the aroma and characteristics of a well-known and desirable scent, providing an alternative option for consumers.
Dust Cover:
A shaped cardstock placed on top of a candle without a lid to prevent dust buildup on the wax. Dust covers are used to protect the candle and maintain its cleanliness and appearance between uses.
Dye:
Colorant added to the wax to create colored candles. Dyes come in various forms, including liquid, chips, or blocks, and are formulated specifically for use in candle making. They are mixed into melted wax before pouring to achieve the desired colors and effects. Proper dye selection and measurement ensure vibrant and uniform color distribution throughout the candle’s structure.
Dye Migration:
The phenomenon where candle dyes improperly mix or bleed, typically caused by insufficient wax and dye blending or pouring at excessively high temperatures. This can result in uneven color distribution or blotches, particularly in multi-colored candles. Proper mixing techniques and temperature control are essential to prevent dye migration and ensure consistent coloration in candles.
ECO Wick:
An environmentally friendly wick made from natural fibers without metal cores. ECO wicks are designed to minimize carbon buildup (mushrooming) and sooting during burning, offering a cleaner and more sustainable alternative to wicks with metal components. They are commonly used in container candles and are appreciated for their consistent burn performance and minimal environmental impact.
E-commerce:
The buying and selling of candles online through platforms such as websites, online marketplaces, or social media, offering convenience and access to a wider audience of consumers.
Embeds:
Shapes and decorations made of wax that are placed inside the candle or on top to enhance its aesthetics and visual appeal. Embeds can include wax shapes, figurines, or decorative elements like dried flowers or herbs. They are typically made from the same wax as the candle and are meant to complement its appearance.
End Of Life / End Of Useful Life:
The point at which a candle can no longer be safely or effectively burned. Factors contributing to the end of a candle’s useful life include insufficient wax remaining for proper burning, excessive wick length causing erratic burning, or container damage compromising safety. Proper candle care and maintenance, including trimming wicks and monitoring burn times, extend the candle’s lifespan and ensure safe use throughout its intended duration.
Essential Oil:
Natural oils extracted from plants, sometimes used to scent candles. It is important to note that burning essential oils can pose risks due to their flammability and potential for emitting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) when heated. Essential oils may release toxins into the air during burning, potentially causing respiratory irritation or other health concerns, as well as seizures in pets and infants. For these reasons, many candle makers opt for synthetic fragrance oils specifically formulated for candle use, which undergo testing to ensure safety and performance. Careful consideration of fragrance options helps maintain candle safety and air quality in indoor environments.
Event:
A scheduled gathering where various crafters, including candle makers, display and sell their products to the public. Unlike pop-up shops where candle makers sell independently, events bring together multiple vendors and crafters in a single location to showcase their products and interact with customers.
Extinguish:
To put out a candle flame. Blowing out a candle and snuffing a candle are the two usual ways one would extinguish a candle. Blowing out involves blowing on the flame until it extinguishes, while snuffing is done using a tool like a candle snuffer to cover and smother the flame. Proper extinguishing techniques minimize smoke and ensure the candle’s safety and longevity.
Falling Out:
When fragrance oil is improperly stored or shipped, causing it to crystallize and clump. This can be reversed by gently heating the bottle in warm water to reintegrate the crystals into the oil. The process involves placing the tightly sealed bottle in a jar of hot (not boiling) water and gently swirling the bottle every few minutes. The hot water should be replaced occasionally until the crystals reintegrate into the fragrance oil.
Filled Candle:
See “Container candle”. A container candle that has been filled with wax.
Fire Point:
The temperature at which wax vapors will continue to burn after ignition without an external flame source. Fire point indicates the sustained burning of wax vapors, which can pose fire hazards if not controlled or extinguished properly.
Fire / Flame Retardant:
Chemicals or additives that reduce the flammability of candles, enhancing safety during burning. Flame retardants inhibit or delay combustion, reducing the risk of candles catching fire or burning uncontrollably. They are commonly used in candle formulations to meet safety standards and regulations, ensuring candles burn safely and predictably. Used commonly in dough bowl candles or other candles where the vessel might be dangerous to use around a flame.
Fire Starter:
A product designed to ignite fires quickly and efficiently, typically used for camping, outdoor activities, or emergency preparedness. Fire starters come in various forms, such as small blocks, sticks, or pellets, and are made from flammable materials like wax, sawdust, or compressed paper. They are designed to catch fire easily with a spark or flame and sustain combustion long enough to ignite larger pieces of wood or fuel. Fire starters are essential tools for starting fires in challenging conditions or situations where traditional fire-starting methods may not be practical or available.
Flame Height:
The height of a candle’s flame, ideally between 1/2 inch and 1 inch, although these sizes are dependent on candle size and diameter. Proper flame height ensures efficient burning and optimal wax consumption without excessive sooting or risk of flame instability.
Flashover:
A dangerous situation where the entire surface of a candle ignites. Flashover occurs when heat and flame spread rapidly across the candle’s surface, potentially leading to uncontrollable burning and fire hazards. Preventing flashover involves proper wick trimming, safe burning practices, and monitoring burning conditions..
Flashpoint:
The lowest temperature at which wax vapors will momentarily ignite when exposed to flame. Flashpoint indicates the temperature threshold for wax ignition, influencing safety protocols and handling practices during candle making and use.
Flickering:
Rapid, irregular movement of a candle flame, often caused by drafts or wick issues. Flickering can affect candle aesthetics and burn performance, indicating the need for draft-free environments and proper wick maintenance.
Floating Candle:
A candle designed to float on water while burning. Floating candles add decorative flair to water-filled containers or decorative bowls, enhancing ambiance with their gentle illumination.
Fragrance Fixative:
Additives used to stabilize and prolong the scent of a candle, improving its longevity and performance. Fragrance fixatives help retain fragrance oils in the wax matrix, enhancing scent throw and ensuring consistent aroma release throughout the candle’s burn time. Common fixatives include resins, fixolides, or other chemical compounds that bind with fragrance molecules to slow evaporation and extend fragrance life.
Fragrance Load:
The percentage of fragrance oil added to wax, typically between 5-10% for most candles. Fragrance load influences scent throw and intensity, requiring careful measurement and compatibility testing to achieve the desired fragrance performance.
Fragrance Load Limit:
The maximum percentage of fragrance oil that can be safely added to wax without affecting burn performance or safety. Fragrance load limits vary depending on wax type, candle size, and intended fragrance intensity. Exceeding recommended fragrance loads can lead to issues such as poor burn quality, sooting, or even safety hazards, underscoring the importance of proper fragrance formulation in candle making.
Fragrance Notes:
The different scent elements in a fragrance are categorized as top, middle, and base notes. Fragrance notes contribute to the complexity and character of candle scents, evolving during burning to create a pleasing olfactory experience.
Freestanding Candle:
A candle that doesn’t require a container to hold its shape, such as pillars and tapers. Freestanding candles are versatile in design and application, suitable for various decorative and functional uses.
Frosting:
Also known as “bloom”, frosting is a natural and common occurrence in soy and beeswax candles. It appears as a white, powdery film on the surface of the candle as it cools and solidifies. This crystallization does not affect the candle’s performance but is rather an indicator of its natural ingredients. Some candle makers and consumers appreciate frosting for its rustic or natural appearance, though techniques can be used to minimize its occurrence for a smoother finish.
Full Melt Pool:
When the entire top surface of a candle has melted into a liquid pool. Achieving a full melt pool ensures optimal fragrance release and even burning, enhancing candle performance and longevity.
Gel Candle:
A gel candle is made from a clear, gel-like wax that allows for unique decorative possibilities. This wax can suspend decorative elements such as seashells, beads, or glitter, creating visually appealing designs within the candle. Gel candles are known for their transparency and ability to enhance the aesthetic appeal of decorative candles, making them popular for gifts or special occasions. They require specific handling techniques due to their unique composition and are often poured into glass containers to showcase their clarity and decorative elements.
Gel wax is NOT traditional wax, but rather a flammable polymer. Gel waxes are less safe than traditional waxes, and are the one wax that some insurance companies will not cover.
Glass Adhesion:
How well the wax adheres to the glass container as it cools and burns. Proper glass adhesion is essential for container candles to prevent wax from pulling away from the sides and causing uneven burning or potential leakage. Factors such as wax formulation, pouring temperature, and container preparation influence glass adhesion.
Gourmand Candles:
Candles that resemble food or scents that evoke food-like aromas, appealing to the sense of taste and smell simultaneously. Gourmand candles are popular for their indulgent and comforting scents, often featuring notes like vanilla, chocolate, or caramel.
Guttering:
When melted wax runs down the side of a candle instead of pooling at the top. Guttering can occur due to improper wick trimming, excessive draft, or uneven wax distribution. It can affect candle aesthetics and performance, requiring adjustments in burning conditions or wick maintenance to achieve even wax consumption.
Hang-Up:
When wax clings to the sides of a container rather than melting evenly. Hang-up occurs when wax fails to liquefy completely during burning, leaving residue on container walls. Proper wick selection, burning duration, and ambient temperature help minimize hang-up and ensure consistent candle performance.
Heat Gun:
A handheld, electrically powered tool that emits a stream of hot air, typically used in candle-making to evenly melt wax, remove air bubbles from the surface of poured candles, or assist in smoothing and finishing candle surfaces. Operating at adjustable temperatures ranging from approximately 200°F to 1,000°F (93°C to 538°C), it provides controlled heat application, making it an essential device for crafters seeking precision in wax manipulation and design enhancement.
Hemp Core Wick:
A wick with a core made of hemp fibers, known for their sustainability and eco-friendly properties. Hemp core wicks provide a stable burn and are suitable for natural and organic candle formulations.
Hemp Wax:
A natural wax derived from hemp plants. Hemp wax is valued for its eco-friendly properties and versatility in candle making. It offers clean-burning characteristics and can be blended with other waxes to enhance performance and sustainability.
Holding Temperature:
The temperature at which melted wax is maintained before pouring into molds or containers to ensure proper consistency. Holding temperature varies depending on wax type and additives, ensuring the wax remains fluid and workable during pouring while preventing premature cooling or solidification.
Hot Throw:
The scent that is released when a candle is burning. Hot throw refers to the strength and intensity of fragrance emitted from a candle during burning. Factors such as fragrance load, wax type, and burning conditions influence hot throw, impacting the candle’s aromatic presence and effectiveness in scenting the surrounding space.
HSPS Wick:
A wick specially designed for coconut wax, tailored to accommodate its unique burning characteristics, including lower melt point and softer texture compared to other waxes.
HTP Wick:
High Tension Paper wick, designed for higher-melting-point waxes. HTP wicks are engineered to withstand the heat of high-melting-point waxes, such as paraffin or specialty blends. They provide stable and efficient flame performance, minimizing issues like mushrooming and ensuring consistent burn characteristics.
Hurricane Candle:
A layered pillar candle with a textured exterior that resembles hurricane glass. Hurricane candles feature a decorative outer layer designed to mimic the appearance of textured glass, enhancing visual appeal. They are popular for creating ambient lighting effects and are often used as centerpieces or decorative accents.
IFRA:
International Fragrance Association, which provides safety guidelines for fragrance usage. IFRA standards regulate the safe use of fragrances in consumer products, including candles, to ensure compliance with health and environmental safety requirements. Adhering to IFRA guidelines helps manufacturers produce candles with safe and consistent fragrance performance.
Impingement:
When the flame touches the side of a container, potentially causing damage. Impingement occurs when a candle flame comes into direct contact with the container’s surface, leading to heat transfer and potential overheating then cracking or causing a vessel to explode. Proper wick trimming and container selection minimize impingement, ensuring safe and effective candle burning.
Infrared Thermometer:
A non-contact thermometer used to measure surface wax temperature. Infrared thermometers are valuable tools in candle-making for monitoring wax temperature during the melting, pouring, and cooling stages. They provide accurate readings without touching the wax, enhancing safety and precision in temperature control.
Inner Diameter:
The width of a candle measured from the inside wall of a container to the other inside wall of the container. Inner diameter measurement is essential for selecting appropriate wick sizes. Candle diameter affects burn rate, melt pool formation, and overall candle appearance.
Inventory Management:
The systematic tracking and control of raw materials, finished candles, and packaging supplies to optimize stock levels, minimize storage costs, and ensure availability to meet customer demand.
Jelly Jar Candle:
A candle poured into a glass jar with a jelly jar style, typically used for a rustic or homemade look. Jelly jar candles are popular for their charming and nostalgic appearance, often used in home decor or as gifts.
Jump Lines:
Also known as “Chatter” or “Stuttering”. They are horizontal lines that appear on a pillar candle when wax is poured at different temperatures. Jump lines are visual imperfections caused by variations in wax cooling rates during pouring. Techniques such as preheating molds and controlling pour temperatures help minimize jump lines, achieving smooth and uniform pillar candles.
Keystone Pricing:
A pricing strategy where the wholesale price is doubled to determine the retail price, ensuring profitability and covering costs while aligning with market pricing standards. The most commonly used pricing strategy for candle makers. Minimum wholesale is double (x2) your COGs, Your minimum retail price is (4x) quadruple your cost of goods.
Labor Costs:
The total expenditure on wages and salaries paid to employees involved in candle production, including manufacturing, assembly, packaging, and other operational tasks. Labor costs may also include employee benefits, payroll taxes, and training expenses. Managing labor costs involves optimizing production workflows, enhancing employee productivity, and controlling expenses to maintain profitability and product quality.
Lead Core Wick:
A wick with a core made of lead, historically used to enhance wick rigidity and stability. Lead core wicks have been phased out due to health and environmental risks associated with lead exposure. They are no longer used in candle-making practices regulated by safety standards.
Liability Insurance:
Insurance coverage that protects a candle business from financial losses due to accidents, injuries, or property damage caused by its products or operations.
LX Wick:
A type of wick designed for container candles, with good mushrooming resistance. LX wicks feature a braided cotton core and are coated for enhanced burn stability and minimal carbon buildup (mushrooming). They are suitable for a wide range of container sizes and wax formulations, providing reliable performance and consistent flame characteristics.
Manufacturing Costs:
The total expenses incurred in the production process of candles, encompassing raw materials, labor costs, overhead expenses (rent, utilities, maintenance), equipment depreciation, and other direct manufacturing expenses. Calculating manufacturing costs involves analyzing all direct and indirect expenses related to production. It includes the cost of acquiring raw materials, converting them into finished products, and ensuring efficient use of resources to meet production goals and financial targets.
Melt Point:
The temperature at which wax changes from solid to liquid state. Melt point is a critical factor in candle making, influencing wax handling, pouring, and burning characteristics. Different waxes have varying melt points, affecting burn time, scent throw, and overall candle performance.
Melt Pool:
The pool of melted wax that forms around the wick as a candle burns. Achieving a full melt pool is essential for optimal fragrance release and even burning. Proper wick trimming and burning practices help maintain a consistent melt pool throughout the candle’s lifespan.
Memory:
The candle’s tendency to “remember” its previous burn patterns. Memory occurs when a candle is allowed to achieve a full melt pool during each burning session, creating a memory ring. This ring ensures even wax consumption and reduces the risk of tunneling, enhancing candle longevity and performance.
Massage Candle:
A multi-purpose candle designed to melt into a warm, luxurious massage oil or lotion when burned. Typically made from a blend of skin-nourishing ingredients such as shea butter, cocoa butter, coconut oil, and essential oils, massage candles offer aromatherapy benefits and moisturizing properties. To use, the candle is lit until a pool of melted wax forms. The melted wax, which is enriched with oils and butters, is then poured onto the skin and massaged in, providing a soothing and hydrating massage experience. Massage candles are popular for relaxation, self-care, and enhancing intimate moments.
Mica Powder:
A natural mineral powder used to add color and shimmer to candles. Mica powders come in various shades and are mixed with melted wax to achieve desired color effects. They provide a lustrous finish and enhance the visual appeal of decorative candles. Mica is known for clogging wicks and must be used with caution and much testing for quality.
Micro-Fissures:
Microscopic cracks that can develop in vessels not specifically designed to hold candles, such as antique glassware or standard candle vessels that have been reused or refilled. Over time, age and exposure to heat can weaken the glass, creating tiny fissures. When exposed to the heat generated by a burning candle, these micro-fissures can expand or propagate, potentially causing the vessel to crack or break. It’s important to use appropriate containers designed for candle making to ensure safety and prevent accidents.
Middle Note:
The scent elements that become noticeable after the top notes fade but before the base notes fully develop. Middle notes contribute to the complexity and character of a fragrance, providing depth and balance during candle burning.
Mineral Wax:
Mineral wax, typically referring to paraffin wax, is derived from petroleum and known for its affordability, ease of use, and wide availability in candle making. It is valued for its ability to hold fragrance and color well, making it suitable for various candle types.
Mix Temperature:
The temperature at which fragrance and color are added to melted wax. Proper mix temperature ensures thorough blending of fragrance oils and dyes into wax, promoting consistent color distribution and scent integration.
Mold:
A container used to shape candles, typically made of metal, silicone, or plastic. Candle molds come in various shapes and sizes, influencing the final appearance and dimensions of candles
Mold Putty:
A material used to create custom candle molds. Mold putty allows candle makers to form molds directly from objects or shapes, enabling the production of unique and customized candles.
Mold Sealer:
A substance designed to fill and seal gaps in a mold so that wax will not leak out during the candle-making process. Mold sealers are applied to mold surfaces to create a barrier that prevents liquid wax from escaping through imperfections or seams. This ensures clean and precise candle shapes when molds are filled and helps maintain mold integrity for repeated use.
Mottling:
Uneven coloration or spotting on the surface of a candle. Mottling is a desirable effect in certain candle styles, such as rustic or primitive candles, creating a textured and aged appearance. Controlled cooling and wax formulation techniques can enhance mottling effects.
MSDS:
See “SDS”. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) contain essential safety information about materials used in candle making, including hazards, handling procedures, and emergency measures. This is the outdated name and currently referred to as an “SDS”.
MSRP (Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price):
The recommended retail price at which candles should be sold to consumers, suggested by the manufacturer to maintain profit margins and market competitiveness.
Mushrooming:
See also “Clubbing” When carbon builds up on the end of a wick, forming a mushroom-like shape. Mushrooming can lead to sooting and uneven burning. Proper wick trimming and selection help minimize mushrooming, ensuring cleaner and more efficient candle burning.
Natural Wax:
Waxes derived from plants or animals. Beeswax, tallow, and bayberry wax are considered truly natural waxes due to their minimal processing and natural origins. Other waxes commonly referred to as “natural” are often refined or modified during production in using industrial methods.
Neck:
The vertical shaft of a wick tab that secures the tab to the wick. Wick tab neck lengths vary, allowing wicks to be positioned at different heights within candle containers. Proper wick tab selection is crucial for optimal wicking in various candle types, including wooden dough bowl candles.
Odor-Eliminating Candle:
A candle specifically formulated to neutralize or eliminate unpleasant odors in the air when burned. These candles are often infused with special additives or fragrances designed to bind with odor molecules and neutralize them, rather than simply masking them with another scent. Odor-eliminating candles are commonly used in kitchens, bathrooms, and other areas where odors can be persistent, offering a fresh and clean-smelling environment.
Opaque:
A candle that doesn’t allow light to pass through it. Opaque candles are often made from solid or heavily pigmented waxes, providing a dense appearance without transparency.
Outdoor Candle:
Candles specifically designed for outdoor use, often infused with citronella or other insect-repelling properties. Outdoor candles withstand outdoor conditions and enhance outdoor ambiance while repelling insects.
Out Of The Bottle (OOB):
The scent of a fragrance oil directly from the bottle before being added to wax. OOB scent evaluation helps candle makers assess fragrance characteristics and suitability for candle formulations.
Overdip:
To dip a candle in a contrasting color of wax for decorative purposes. Overdipping enhances candle aesthetics by adding layers of color or texture, creating visually striking designs.
Over Wicked:
When a wick is too large for the candle, causing excessive heat, large flames, or sooting. Over-wicking results in inefficient wax consumption and potential safety hazards. Proper wick sizing and trimming are essential for optimal candle performance and safety.
Palm Wax:
A natural wax derived from palm oil, known for creating a crystalline appearance. Palm wax is valued in candle making for its unique visual appeal, which includes natural patterns and textures resembling crystals. It is often used to produce decorative and specialty candles.
Paper Core Wick:
A wick with a core made of paper, often braided with other fibers. Paper core wicks are known for their stability and efficient wax absorption, suitable for container candles and votives
Paper Wick:
A wick made primarily of paper, often used in container candles. Paper wicks are designed to provide a stable and controlled burn, suitable for various types of wax formulations. They are known for their minimal carbon buildup and consistent performance.
Paraffin Wax:
A petroleum-based wax commonly used in candle making. Paraffin wax is prized for its affordability, ease of use, and ability to hold fragrance and color well. It is versatile and suitable for different candle types, including pillars, votives, and container candles.
Parasoy Wax:
A blend of paraffin and soy waxes. Parasoy wax combines the desirable characteristics of paraffin wax, such as scent throw and color retention, with the natural and renewable properties of soy wax. It offers a balance of performance and sustainability in candle making.
Perfume Oil:
See “Fragrance Oil”. Perfume oil is another term for fragrance oil, which is used to scent candles and other cosmetic products.
Pet Safe:
Refers to candles formulated or designed to minimize potential risks or hazards to pets when burned or present in the environment. Pet safe candles typically use non-toxic ingredients, produce low soot and emissions, and may feature natural fragrances or essential oils that are considered safe for pets. It’s important to follow safe burning practices and ensure candles are used in well-ventilated areas away from pets’ reach to prevent accidental ingestion or exposure.
Pillar Candle:
A free-standing, self-supporting candle. Pillar candles are cylindrical or geometric in shape and do not require a container to hold their shape during burning. They are popular for their decorative appeal and are often used as centerpieces or for ambient lighting.
Pillar Wax:
Wax that is formulated specifically for making pillar candles, typically harder than container wax. Pillar wax is designed to withstand the weight of the candle and maintain its shape without sagging or melting excessively during burning.
Polymorphism:
The ability of wax to crystallize in different forms depending on cooling conditions. The ability of wax to crystallize in different forms depending on cooling conditions. Polymorphism contributes to the visual texture and appearance of candles, influencing their aesthetic appeal and surface characteristics.
Pop-up:
When a candle maker sells their candles at a location for a short period, typically independently. Pop-up shops allow candle makers to reach new customers and test different markets without a long-term commitment.
Pouring Pitcher/Pot:
A container with a spout used for pouring melted wax into molds or containers. Pour pots facilitate precise and controlled pouring of wax, minimizing spills and ensuring even distribution in candle making.
Pour Temperature:
The optimal temperature at which to pour melted wax into a mold or container. Proper pour temperature varies depending on the type of wax and desired candle characteristics, ensuring smooth pouring and effective mold filling.
Power Burn:
An initial extended burn to establish a full melt pool. Power burns are performed at the beginning of a candle’s use to ensure that the entire top layer of wax melts evenly, promoting optimal fragrance release and consistent burning throughout the candle’s lifespan.
Preheating:
Warming molds or containers before pouring wax to prevent defects. Preheating enhances mold release and promotes even wax distribution, reducing the risk of surface imperfections or uneven cooling in finished candles.
Private Label:
Similar to white labeling, private labeling involves a manufacturer producing candles exclusively for a specific retailer or brand. The candles are customized according to the retailer’s specifications, including fragrance blends, packaging design, and labeling. Private labeling offers retailers exclusivity and control over product development and branding, enhancing market differentiation and consumer loyalty.
Probe Thermometer:
A thermometer with a metal probe used to measure internal wax temperature. Probe thermometers are essential tools in candle-making for monitoring wax temperatures during melting, blending, and pouring stages to ensure precise temperature control and consistent candle quality.
Primed Wick:
A wick that has been coated with wax to ensure proper burning. Priming improves wick performance by stabilizing the flame and enhancing wax absorption, promoting efficient and clean burning in candles.
Pull Away:
When wax shrinks away from the sides of a container or mold as it cools. Pull Away is a common occurrence during wax cooling and solidification, affecting candle appearance and surface smoothness. Usually caused by the wrong type of wax for the mold or the container. It can also be caused by rapid cooling of the candle itself after pouring.
Quality Control:
The systematic process of inspecting and testing candles to ensure they meet established standards for appearance, scent throw, burn performance, and safety.
Quality Test:
Testing procedures to ensure candles meet safety and performance standards. Quality tests assess various aspects of candle quality, including burn time, fragrance throw, wick performance, and visual appearance, to meet consumer expectations and regulatory requirements.
Rapeseed Wax:
A natural wax made from rapeseed (canola) oil. Rapeseed wax is valued in candle making for its renewable source, clean-burning properties, and ability to hold fragrances well.
Rate Of Consumption (ROC):
How quickly a candle burns, typically measured in grams per hour. The rate of consumption helps estimate candle lifespan and evaluate burn efficiency based on wick size, wax type, and burning conditions.
Relief Holes:
Small holes poked in candles to prevent air bubbles. Relief holes facilitate the escape of trapped air and help achieve smooth and uniform candle surfaces during cooling.
Religious Candle:
Candles made for specific religious ceremonies or purposes, symbolizing spiritual practices and rituals in various cultures and traditions. Most commonly large pillar candles or very tall container candles in a thick glass vessel adorned with religious decoration or labels.
Repour:
Pouring a second layer of wax to fill in sinkholes or depressions. Repouring corrects imperfections in candle surfaces caused by uneven cooling or shrinkage, ensuring uniform appearance and structural integrity.
Retail Price:
The price at which candles are sold directly to consumers in retail outlets or through online platforms. Retail prices include the wholesale price plus the retailer’s markup to cover overhead costs, profit margins, and other expenses. Determining the right retail price involves factoring in wholesale costs, operating expenses (rent, utilities, staff wages), marketing expenses, and desired profit margins. It ensures candles are priced competitively while maintaining profitability.
Safety Test:
A test that is conducted to ensure a candle meets safety standards for flame behavior, container integrity, etc. Safety tests assess various aspects of candle performance and safety to comply with regulatory requirements and ensure consumer protection. Most candle makers follow the ASTM (F2417) standards when testing their candles.
Sales Tax:
A tax imposed by state or local governments on the sale of candles, collected from customers and remitted to the government to fund public services and infrastructure.
Scent:
The fragrance added to a candle to create desired aromas when burned. Scents enhance the ambiance and sensory experience of candles, offering a wide range of fragrances from floral and fruity to spicy and woody.
Scent Library:
A collection of fragrance samples that a candle maker keeps on hand for testing, development, and customer selection, ensuring consistent scent quality and product customization.
Scent Load: See “Fragrance Load”
Scent Oil: See “Fragrance Oil.”
Scent Throw:
How well a candle disperses fragrance, either when cold (cold throw) or burning (hot throw). Scent throw measures the effective distribution and strength of fragrance emitted from a candle, influencing its aromatic presence in the surrounding space.
SDS:
Safety Data Sheet, the updated term for MSDS. SDS provides comprehensive safety information about chemicals and materials used in candle making, including hazards, handling precautions, and emergency measures.
Secondary Ignition:
When materials other than the wick ignite during candle burning. Secondary ignition can occur due to overheating, improper wick trimming, or flammable additives, posing fire hazards and compromising candle safety.
Second Pour:
An additional pour of wax to fix sinkholes or other surface irregularities in candles. Second pouring corrects cosmetic imperfections and ensures uniform appearance and performance.
Self-Trimming Wick:
Wicks that are designed to curl and burn away excess length as the candle burns, reducing the need for manual trimming. Self-trimming wicks promote clean and consistent burning by maintaining optimal wick length throughout the candle’s lifespan, enhancing burn performance, and minimizing maintenance for candle makers and users alike.
Shifting / Sinker:
A term used for a wick that moves or shifts during cooling, causing uneven burning or wax pooling. Wicks that sink can lead to tunneling or incomplete wax consumption, affecting candle performance and aesthetic appeal. Proper wick placement and adherence techniques help prevent sinkers and ensure even burn throughout the candle’s lifespan.
Shrinkage:
The reduction in size or volume of a candle as it cools and cures. Shrinkage occurs naturally as wax solidifies and contracts, affecting the candle appearance and performance. Proper wax formulation and cooling conditions minimize shrinkage for consistent candle quality. The most common cause of “Pull Away”.
Single-Pour Wax:
Wax formulated to minimize shrinkage, eliminating the need for a second pour. Single-pour wax is designed for efficient and convenient candle making, ensuring smooth and uniform candle surfaces without additional pouring steps.
Sinkhole:
A depression that forms on the top surface of a candle as it cools. Sinkholes result from uneven cooling or wax contraction, affecting candle aesthetics and performance.
Smokeless / Sootless Burn:
A misconception that natural waxes do not produce soot. While natural waxes may produce lighter-colored soot, they can still emit particles during incomplete combustion. Proper wick trimming and burning practices help minimize visible soot and ensure clean-burning candles..
Smooth Tops:
Techniques or additives used to create a smooth, even top surface on container candles. Smooth tops enhance candle aesthetics and prevent wax pooling or uneven burning. Candle makers will often use a heat gun once the candle is cooled to smooth and level the tops of the candle.
Snuffer:
A tool used to extinguish candle flames without creating smoke. Snuffers cover and smother the flame to prevent air disturbance, reducing smoke and ensuring a clean extinguishing process.
Snuff Out:
To extinguish a candle flame by covering it with a snuffer or similar tool. Snuffing out candles minimizes smoke and prolongs candle life.
Soot:
Carbon particles that can be produced during the incomplete combustion of a candle’s wick. Factors such as wick type, wax composition, and burning conditions can affect soot production. Excessive soot can deposit on nearby surfaces, affecting air quality and potentially staining walls or furnishings. Candlemakers often select appropriate wicks and monitor burning conditions to minimize soot formation, ensuring a cleaner and safer burning experience for consumers.
Sooting:
When a candle produces visible black soot while burning. Sooting occurs when combustion conditions are not optimal, resulting in carbon buildup and incomplete burning of wax.
Soy Wax:
A natural wax made from industrially refined hydrogenated soybean oil, valued for its renewable source, burning properties, and ability to hold fragrances well.
Spa Candle:
A candle designed to evoke the ambiance and aromas typically found in a spa setting. Spa candles are crafted with soothing scents such as lavender, eucalyptus, jasmine, or other essential oils known for their relaxation and therapeutic properties. They are intended to create a calming and rejuvenating atmosphere, enhancing the spa-like experience at home or in professional spa settings. Spa candles often feature natural ingredients and are crafted to promote stress relief, mental clarity, and overall well-being.
Squeezable wax melts:
A type of wax product designed for easy dispensing and use. Unlike traditional wax melts that come in solid form, squeezable wax melts are typically packaged in containers that allow users to squeeze out the desired amount of wax. They are convenient for controlling the amount of wax needed and are often used in warmers or burners to scent a room. These products can vary in consistency from creamy to gel-like, depending on the formulation and intended use.
Stabilizer:
An additive that helps maintain consistent properties in wax formulations, enhancing burn stability and performance. This can also be another term for a “Stabilizing bar”.
Stabilizing Bar:
A horizontal bar across a mold that holds the wick in place during candle making, ensuring proper wick positioning and stability.
Stabilo Wick:
Stabilo wicks are a type of flat braided wick used in candle making. They are designed to provide enhanced stability and reduced mushrooming during burning compared to traditional round wicks. Stabilo wicks offer consistent flame height and clean burn characteristics, making them suitable for container candles and certain pillar candles. The flat braided design helps to minimize carbon buildup and ensures efficient wax consumption, contributing to longer-lasting and more consistent candle performance.
Stearic Acid:
A white, waxy substance used to harden candles and improve burn characteristics. Stearic acid enhances candle durability and reduces dripping, commonly used in pillar and votive candles.
Stearin:
Another name for stearic acid, used interchangeably in candle making to refer to the same additive.
Stuttering: See also “Chattering” or “Jump Lines”.
Sunflower Wax:
A natural wax made from industrially refined sunflower oil, valued for its burning properties and sustainability.
Supplier:
A business or entity that provides materials, equipment, or supplies essential for candle making. Suppliers specialize in offering a wide range of products such as wax, fragrance oils, molds, vessels, wicks, dyes, packaging materials, and other accessories used in candle production. They cater to candle makers, providing quality products, competitive pricing, and reliable delivery to support the manufacturing and customization of candles. Suppliers play a crucial role in the candle-making industry by offering essential resources and enabling candle makers to create high-quality products for retail or wholesale distribution.
Sustainer:
A metal disk at the base of a wick that helps anchor it and prevent it from burning all the way down. Wick sustainers contribute to stable burning and ensure efficient wax consumption in candles.
Sweating:
When oils and/or additives in the wax separate and create beads of liquid on the candle’s surface during storage or temperature fluctuations. It can be a symptom of using too much fragrance.
Synthetic:
Man-made materials or synthetic components are often added to enhance fragrance stability, wick performance, or color vibrancy in candles. This also refers to wax that is not derived from a plant or an animal.
Tallow:
Animal fat historically used for candle making, known for its high melting point and traditional use in candle production.
Taper Candle:
A long, thin candle that tapers toward the top, often used for ceremonial or decorative purposes.
Tart: See Also “Wax Melt”.
A small piece of scented wax meant to be melted in a warmer without a wick, releasing fragrance into the air. Tarts are often formed into fun shapes as opposed to melts, which are sold in clamshells.
Tart Wax:
Wax that is formulated specifically for making wax tarts or melts, designed to melt evenly and release fragrance effectively. Also most often used in pillar candle making.
Tea Light:
A small, round candle in a metal cup, typically used for warming scented oils or providing ambient lighting.
Testing Phase:
The period during which new candle formulations are evaluated for performance, safety, and quality control.
Thermal Shock:
Stress in glass, ceramic, or cement containers from rapid temperature changes, which can cause cracks or shattering. Common during wax pouring or candle burning. Borosilicate glass is the safest, with high resistance to thermal shock due to low thermal expansion.
Throw: See also “Scent Throw”
How well a candle projects its scent, either cold (unlit) or hot (while burning). Scent throw measures the effectiveness of fragrance dispersion and intensity in candles.
Top Finishing:
Techniques used to create an attractive top surface on a candle, enhancing its visual appeal and presentation. Most commonly, using a heat gun to smooth and level a container candle.
Top Note:
The initial scent elements noticed when a candle is lit, typically characterized by fresh or citrusy fragrances that fade quickly.
Trademark:
A symbol, design, or phrase legally registered to represent a candle brand or product, providing exclusive rights and preventing unauthorized use by others.
Transition Temperature:
The temperature at which wax changes from a liquid state into a solid state or structure during cooling affecting candle texture and appearance. Different kinds of waxes have different Transition Temperatures.
Transparent:
A candle that allows light to pass through it, typically referring to gel candles or other translucent wax formulations.
Triple Scent:
A marketing gimmick suggesting a candle has a particularly strong fragrance, often defined as 7-9% Fragrance load.
Tunneling:
When a candle burns straight down the center, leaving unmelted wax around the edges. Tunneling occurs due to improper wick size or burning conditions, requiring corrective measures to ensure even wax consumption.
Ultracore Wick:
A type of wick with a substantially firm, non-metallic core for enhanced stability and performance in large or specialty candles.
Under Wicked:
When a wick is too small for the diameter of a candle, causing incomplete melting and inefficient burn.
Unprimed Wick:
A wick that has not been treated with wax.
UV Stabilizer:
Additives incorporated into candle formulations to protect against color fading and degradation caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. UV stabilizers extend candle lifespan and maintain color vibrancy in outdoor or brightly lit environments.
Vessel:
The container that holds a candle. Vessels come in various materials such as glass, metal, ceramic, or even wood, and are chosen based on aesthetic preferences, safety considerations, and the type of candle being made.
Viscosity:
The thickness or flow resistance of melted wax. Viscosity affects how easily wax pours and adheres to surfaces, influencing candle appearance and burn performance. Higher viscosity waxes may require higher pouring temperatures and can affect fragrance throw and burn characteristics. The lower the viscosity of the wax, the easier it can flow up the wick, and the more viscous the wax, the harder it can flow and clog the wick or create mushrooms/carbon build-up.
This is important to know to get wicking perfect. You wick must work with your wax. Additives can also change the wax’s viscosity.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs):
Volatile components released from fragrances and waxes when candles are burned. These compounds can contribute to indoor air pollution and may have adverse health effects when present in high concentrations, such as headaches or respiratory irritation. Candle makers and consumers alike are increasingly mindful of VOC emissions, opting for low-VOC or VOC-free formulations to minimize their environmental and health impacts. Regulatory agencies often set limits on VOC emissions from consumer products, including candles, to promote air quality and safety standards.
Votive:
A small cylindrical candle typically meant to be burned in a holder. Votive candles are versatile and used for decorative purposes, ambiance, or religious ceremonies.
Vybar:
A polymer used as an additive to increase opacity, hardness, and scent throw in candles. Vybar improves wax texture and helps in achieving uniform color distribution and enhanced fragrance release.
Warning Label:
Required safety information placed on candle packaging. Warning labels provide essential safety instructions, such as burning instructions, fire safety precautions, and potential hazards associated with candle use.
Wax:
The solid, meltable material that forms the body of a candle. Wax types include paraffin, soy, beeswax, and blends, each offering unique characteristics such as burn time, scent throw, and texture.
Wax (Slab):
Wax that comes in one or several large blocks. Solid wax requires cutting into manageable sizes before melting. It is often less expensive per pound compared to wax beads or flakes.
Wax (Beads):
Wax that comes in small spherical beads or drops. Wax beads are convenient for measuring and melting, as they melt quickly and evenly due to their small size and uniform shape. They are commonly used in candle making for their ease of use and accurate measurement.
Wax (Flakes):
Wax that comes in shaved or grated flakes. Wax flakes are designed to melt quickly and evenly, providing efficient wax distribution when poured into molds or containers. They are preferred by many candle makers for their ease of handling, measuring, and melting compared to solid wax blocks.
Wax Hardness:
The firmness of wax after cooling, affecting candle demolding, handling, and burn performance. Wax hardness is evaluated using tests like the needle test, which measures the wax’s resistance to indentation and deformation. Understanding wax hardness helps candle makers determine suitable applications and blending ratios for achieving desired candle characteristics.
Wax Melt:
A piece of scented wax without a wick, designed to be melted in a warmer to release fragrance. Wax melts are popular for their convenience and long-lasting scent throw, often used as alternatives to traditional candles.
Wax Melter:
An electric appliance designed specifically for melting candle wax safely. Wax melters maintain controlled temperatures for melting wax without direct heat exposure, ensuring safety and efficient wax handling.
Wax Warmer:
A device that uses heat (usually from a tea light or electricity) to melt scented wax without a flame. Wax warmers release fragrance into the air without burning the wax, providing a safer and more controlled way to enjoy scented wax.
Wet Spot:
An area where wax hasn’t adhered properly to the container, creating a wet-looking spot. Wet spots are merely cosmetic imperfections caused by wax shrinkage or poor adhesion during cooling, affecting candle appearance but not performance.
Whipped Wax:
Wax that has been whipped to resemble frosting or whipped cream, most often used in making gourmand candles. Whipped wax adds texture and visual interest to candles, creating a decorative and luxurious appearance.
White Label:
A business model where a manufacturer produces candles and allows another company (typically a retailer or reseller) to sell them under their own brand name. The candles are manufactured by a third-party supplier but marketed and sold under the purchasing company’s brand identity. White labeling provides flexibility in branding and packaging customization while leveraging the manufacturer’s expertise and production capabilities.
Wholesale Price (WSP):
The price at which candles are sold to retailers or distributors for resale to end consumers. Wholesale prices are typically lower than retail prices to allow retailers to mark up the product and make a profit. Setting a competitive wholesale price involves considering production costs (COGS), desired profit margins, market demand, and competitor pricing. It’s crucial for attracting retail partners and securing distribution channels.
Wholesaler:
A business that sells candles in bulk to retailers or other businesses for resale, offering discounted prices and volume discounts to facilitate distribution and market penetration.
Wick:
The braided cotton, paper, or wood that draws up melted wax to fuel the flame. Wicks come in various sizes and materials, selected based on candle type, diameter, and desired burn characteristics.
Wick Selection:
The process of choosing the appropriate wick size and type for a specific candle. Wick selection is critical for achieving proper burn pool formation, flame stability, and optimal scent throw in candles.
Wicking:
The process of installing wicks in candles or the material used to make wicks. Proper wicking ensures efficient wax consumption and consistent burn performance in candles.
Wickless Candle:
A scented wax product designed to be melted without a wick, such as wax melts or tarts.
Wickless Testing:
Wickless testing involves creating a candle without a wick and manually punching a hole into the candle to insert a wick for burn testing. The purpose of wickless testing is to evaluate the candle’s performance, including burn rate, wax melt pool formation, and fragrance throw, before finalizing wick selection. If the initial wick size or type is unsuitable, it can be replaced with a different size to assess the candle’s burn characteristics.
However, it’s important to note that wickless testing is not recommended for accurate safety data collection. Inserting a wick manually into a candle may alter its burn behavior compared to candles with properly integrated wicks. This method may not provide reliable data on burn performance, safety parameters, or long-term candle behavior. Candle makers are advised to follow standardized testing procedures and use appropriate safety measures to ensure accurate and consistent results when evaluating candle formulations.
Wick Assembly:
The complete wick unit, including the wick, sustainer, and any attachments. Wick assemblies are prepared and inserted into candle molds or containers during candle making.
Wick Bar:
A metal bar used to hold wicks in place across the top of a mold during candle pouring. Wick bars ensure proper wick positioning and stability throughout the candle-making process.
Wick Clip Assembly:
A pre-made wick and sustainer unit. Wick clip assemblies simplify wick installation in candles, providing a ready-to-use wick solution.
Wick Curling:
The tendency of wicks to curl or lean during burning, affecting flame stability and burn efficiency. Wick curling can lead to uneven wax consumption and erratic flame behavior, impacting candle performance. Scientific methods like the needle test are used to measure wax hardness, aiding in wick selection and ensuring consistent burn quality in candles.
Wick Up / Wick Down:
A term used in candle making to adjust the size or type of wick used in a candle.
“Wicking Up” Refers to increasing the size or type of wick to achieve a larger flame or higher heat output. This adjustment is typically done when a candle burns too slowly, resulting in tunneling or incomplete wax consumption. Increasing the wick size allows for more efficient wax melting and better fragrance throw.
“Wicking Down” refers to reducing the size or type of wick to achieve a smaller flame or lower heat output. This adjustment is necessary when a candle burns too quickly, causing excessive heat, sooting, or uneven burning. Downsizing the wick promotes controlled burning, longer candle life, and improved safety.
Wick adjustments are crucial in optimizing burn performance, ensuring even wax consumption, and achieving desired candle characteristics such as flame size, burn rate, and scent throw. Proper wick selection and adjustment contribute to a cleaner, safer, and more efficient candle-burning experience.
Wick Posture:
How straight a wick stands while burning. Proper wick posture ensures even wax consumption and prevents the wick from drifting or leaning during candle burning.
Wick Pin:
A metal rod used in mold making to create a hole for the wick. Wick pins facilitate precise wick placement and alignment in pillar and votive candle molds.
Wick Size:
The thickness and construction of a wick, usually designated by numbers or letters. Wick size affects flame size, burn rate, and wax consumption in candles.
Wick Stickers:
Adhesive tabs that are used to secure wicks to the bottom of containers during candle making. Wick stickers provide stability and prevent wicks from floating or moving during wax pouring and cooling.
Wick Tab:
The metal base that holds the wick and prevents it from burning all the way down. Wick tabs anchor the wick in place and enhance burn stability in candles.
Wick Trimmer:
Scissors specifically designed for trimming candle wicks. Wick trimmers ensure proper wick length for optimal burn performance and minimize soot and debris during burning.
Wooden Wick:
A wick made from wood fibers or veneer, designed to create a crackling sound reminiscent of a fireplace when burned. Wooden wicks offer aesthetic appeal and are often used in container candles and decorative candles..
Workspace:
The overall area or room dedicated to candle-making activities, including workstations and storage areas. A workspace includes all necessary equipment, tools, and supplies for candle making, providing a functional and organized environment for production.
Workstation:
A designated area or table where candle-making activities such as pouring wax, adding fragrance, and decorating candles are performed. Workstations are equipped with tools and supplies needed for candle-making tasks, ensuring efficiency and organization in the process.
Currently, there are no words added to this section.
Currently, there are no words added to this section.
Zinc Core Wick:
A wick with a core made of zinc, designed to provide rigidity and structure during burning. Zinc core wicks offer improved stability and reduced mushrooming, commonly used in container candles and larger-diameter candles.
COMMONLY USED ABBREVIATIONS
COGS: Cost Of Goods
CT: Cold Throw
FO: Fragrance Oil
FO%: Fragrance Load in %
HT: Hot Throw
IFRA: International Fragrance Association
OOB: Out Of The Bottle
ROC: Rate of Consumption
SDS: Safety Data Sheet
Please note that this candle-making dictionary is intended for informational purposes. While we strive for accuracy, we cannot guarantee that it is entirely free of errors. It is your responsibility to confirm all information and test all advice before applying it to your candle-making system. The creators of this dictionary shall not be held responsible for any direct or indirect damages arising from the use of this information.
Should you identify any inaccuracies or have a term you believe should be added, please contact us at info@candlebrain.com.