Candle Maker’s Dictionary
We hope this is a complete and concise dictionary of all things candlemaking. This has been an ever-growing project and would not have been possible with the help of all the other Candle Brains out there helping us out! If you see an error or a missing term please let us know at askcandlebrain.com
Additive: A substance that is added to the wax to change or enhance the candle. This can include substances that make the candle harder, UV-resistant, fragrance, dye. and mica powder.
Adhesion: See Glass Adhesion
Base Note: The deeper, longer-lasting scents that become noticeable as the candle continues to burn. These notes provide the foundation for the overall fragrance, contributing to the candle’s olfactory experience. Base notes play a key role in the longevity of the scent, imparting a lasting and rich aroma to the candle.
Candlemakers consider the selection and balance of base notes when blending different fragrance oils to achieve a well-rounded and enduring olfactory profile in their candles.
Beeswax: A natural wax produced by honeybees. It is secreted from glands on the bee’s abdomen and is used to build honeycomb cells. In candle making, beeswax is a popular choice due to its pleasant honey-like fragrance, and slow, clean burn.
There is Yellow and White beeswax. Yellow beeswax is in its natural state, featuring a warm golden to amber color. White beeswax, on the other hand, undergoes a filtration and bleaching process to remove impurities and color, resulting in a clean and neutral appearance.
Despite these differences, both types of beeswax maintain the characteristic honey fragrance. The choice between yellow and white beeswax depends on the desired color in the final candle product, with yellow offering a traditional aesthetic and white providing a more neutral palette.
Bloom: A natural and common phenomenon in candles, especially those made from soy wax. It appears as a powdery or crystalline white substance on the surface of the candle as it cools and solidifies. This is not a flaw but rather a characteristic of the wax, and it is often considered part of the natural charm of soy candles. See Also: Frosting
Burn Memory: A term that refers to maintaining a consistent melt pool shape and size as the candle is burned and extinguished. Waxes that recrystallize evenly like paraffin retain excellent burn memory. Soy can have poor burn memory but mixing with paraffin helps. Proper wick sizing also prevents an enlarged melt pool.
Poor wicking can create tunneling which can get worse because of burn memory.
Burn Rate: The rate at which a candle consumes wax during a burn. Generally, it measures in Oz/Gm per hour. Wicks are often rated by their burn rate, but burn rates can differ widely depending on the additives a candle contains. See Also: ROC – Rate of Consumption
Burn Time: The time a material supports sustained flaming combustion after removal of the ignition source until all flaming ceases or its “End Of Useful Life”.
Burn Cycle: (1) The length of time a candle burns from when it is lit to when it is manually extinguished or from when it is lit until it extinguishes on its own at the end of its useful life.
(2) According to the ASTM 2417, it is a specific amount of time that a candle will burn during a safety test. Tealights should be burned until the “End of Useful Life”. Gel candles burn no more than 8 hours at a time, and all other candles burn for no more than 4 hours at a time.
Candle: One or more combustible wicks supported by a material, most commonly wax, that constitutes a fuel that is solid or semi-solid at room temperature. There are several kinds of candles, with some being: Filled Candles (Container Candles), Freestanding Candles (Pillar Candles), Gel Candles, Taper Candles, Outdoor Candles, Religious/Ceremonial Candles, Tealight Candles, Votive Candles, and more.
Candle Safe: The description of any decorative additions or embeds, vessels, or anything that will go into a candle, or any accessory that a candle will go into that is safe for use while a candle is burning.
Candle Warmer: A device designed to melt and release the fragrance of a candle without the need for an open flame. It typically consists of a heating element that warms the candle from below.
There are two main types of candle warmers: plate warmers, which have a flat heating plate for the candle to sit on, and lamp or lantern warmers, which have a bulb inside a decorative structure to melt the wax and release the scent.
Candle warmers offer a flameless alternative for enjoying the fragrance of a candle, making them a popular choice for spaces where an open flame may not be practical or allowed. They provide a safer option for scent diffusion and are often used with wax melts or wickless candles.
Capillarity: A trait for a wick that describes its ability to siphon, or suck up wax to feed the flame. Often, higher capillarity will increase the rate of consumption of a candle. A wick with good capillarity is perfect for thicker or more viscous waxes that use a lot of fragrance oil or other additives like dye that can clog most wicks.
Carbonization: See Carbon Buildup
Carbon Buildup: The accumulation of carbon or soot in or around the tip of the burning wick during the combustion process. This dark residue can appear on the wick itself and may extend to the surrounding candle container or nearby surfaces. The factors contributing to carbon buildup include the wick type and size, with an oversized wick or mismatched construction leading to excessive carbon.
Incomplete combustion, often caused by factors such as insufficient oxygen, and the wax formulation also influences the amount of carbon produced. Additionally, environmental factors like poor ventilation or drafts can disrupt the combustion process and contribute to carbon buildup.
Addressing these factors is essential to maintain the visual appeal of the candle and prevent issues such as uneven burning or excessive smoking. Candle makers often experiment with different wick types, sizes, and wax formulations, while also ensuring proper ventilation, to minimize carbon buildup and achieve a cleaner burn.
CD Wick: CD stands for “Crescent Design”. The unique shape is a half-moon, concave curve designed for self-trimming. As the wick burns down, the curved shape causes the ash to fall off. CD wicks are made from flat braided cotton saturated with wax for rigidity.
The wax coating provides extra fuel to the flame. The contoured shape prevents clogging, mushrooming, and carbon build-up. CD wicks give a bright, dancing flame and are excellent at self-trimming. They are available in various widths to match different candle diameters and are often used in container candles.
Ceremonial Candle: A candle that is predominantly intended, constructed, packaged, and labeled for use in a public venue during a religious or similar ceremony. Generally, 17 in. (43 cm) or more in length are considered religious/ceremonial candles. These candles are commonly displayed and burned in the place of worship as the focal candle during a ceremony, service, or event. These candles may be adorned with symbols and ornamentation as required and deemed appropriate. See Also: Religious Candle
Chatter Marks/Lines: The visible irregular patterns or marks on the surface of a candle. These marks can occur during the cooling or setting phase of the candle-making process and are typically characterized by uneven or textured lines on the wax.
Chatter marks can be caused by various factors, including fluctuations in temperature, improper cooling conditions, or disturbances during the solidification process.
Coating: Any material, other than wax-based, which is used to cover at least a portion of the candle. This material includes but is not limited to, paint, glue, glitter, wood, plastic, or any other material that is not wax-based (which is generally considered an overlap). This does not include any wraps, packaging, stickers, or anything else that is meant to be removed before use.
Cold Throw: The aroma or fragrance released by the candle when it is not lit. It represents the scent experienced when the candle is in its dormant state, without the presence of an active flame.
Container Candle: A candle produced in a container or vessel for which it is intended to be burned. See Also: Filled Candle
Controlled Cooling: Intentionally regulating the cooling process after pouring the candle. This technique aims to prevent surface irregularities, enhance the visual appearance by maintaining a smooth surface, and minimize shrinkage to reduce the potential for distortions.
Candlemakers implement controlled cooling through methods such as placing candles in insulated containers or adjusting the ambient temperature during the cooling phase. The goal is to produce candles with a consistent and aesthetically pleasing finish.
Cooling Curve: The controlled cooling of a candle after it is poured but before it is cured. This time is essential because cooling to fast can cause wet spots, frosting, and cracking. Cooling too slowly can lead to “Fat Bloom” which is the heavy white crystals that form on candles. Also cooling too slow could be one of the reasons your wicks mushroom.
Core: The inside of a wick often made of paper or zinc, that is then wrapped or jacketed with another material like braided cotton.
Coreless Wick: A wick that does not have a core, but instead has additional materials like paper filaments interwoven into the wick itself.
Crystalline Structure: The way wax molecules are arranged and aligned as the wax transitions from a liquid to a solid state. As wax cools and hardens (Cures), the molecules form distinct crystals that determine qualities like hardness, opacity, and texture.
Waxes with tightly interlocked, long crystalline shapes tend to be harder and more opaque. Paraffin exhibits a strong crystalline structure, creating a hard-finished candle with high opacity. In contrast, waxes like soy and beeswax have smaller, softer crystals resulting in a more translucent, pliable texture.
Smaller crystals have more surface area to retain fragrance. Understanding how a wax’s unique crystalline structure impacts its behavior allows candlemakers to select the right wax for their creative needs.
Cure / Curing: The act of allowing a candle wax to crystalize and solidify. This allows the additives to bond concretely with the wax and create a homogenous candle. Cure times can vary depending on the wax blend and type, but it is generally understood that between two weeks and one month is the proper amount of time for a candle to fully cure.
Cure Time: The time during which a newly made candle is allowed to rest and fully develop its characteristics before being used or sold. This time allows the candle to achieve optimal burn qualities, fragrance throw, and overall performance.
The duration of cure time can vary depending on factors such as the type of wax used, the size and composition of the candle, and the specific requirements of the candle maker.
The curing process enables the wax and fragrance to fully integrate with the crystallization process, resulting in a more stable and consistent candle. Proper cure time is essential for delivering a high-quality product to consumers, ensuring that the candle performs as intended and provides an enjoyable and effective burning experience.
Curl: See Wick Curl
Diameter: the straight-line distance across the widest part of the opening or top surface of the mold or vessel. Knowing the inner diameter of a candle vessel is essential for selecting appropriately sized wicks, ensuring proper burning characteristics, and achieving the desired aesthetic for the candle. See Also: Inner Diameter
Double Boiler: Used for melting and heating wax safely and evenly, it consists of two nested pots or containers, where the inner pot holds the wax, and the outer pot is filled with water. The purpose of the double boiler is to provide a gentle and indirect heat source to melt the wax without subjecting it to direct contact with a flame or high heat. The process involves heating the water in the outer pot, which in turn gradually and evenly melts the wax in the inner pot. This indirect heating method helps prevent the wax from overheating or becoming scorched, as the wax is sensitive to direct heat.
Double Wicking: The use of two wicks in a single candle. This technique is employed to address factors such as wider candle diameters (3.5″ diameter or more) or the desire for a more substantial flame. Choosing the appropriate wick size and type is crucial, taking into account considerations such as the candle’s diameter, wax type, and desired burn characteristics.
Double wicking is often utilized in larger candles where a single wick may not generate sufficient heat to melt the wax evenly. The goal is to achieve an even burn across the candle surface, preventing issues like tunneling or uneven melting.
It’s important to note that double wicking can result in a larger flame and more heat, so careful consideration of flame size and safety is necessary. This approach provides candle makers with flexibility in designing candles with specific aesthetic and performance characteristics.
Drown Out: The situation where the candle wick is extinguished by being submerged in liquid wax. This can occur during the initial pouring of the candle or later if the wick is not properly trimmed. Factors contributing to drowning out include insufficient wick length, pouring wax at too high a temperature causing the wick to bend, and improper wick trimming before lighting the candle. Preventing drowning out involves ensuring an adequate wick length, pouring wax at an appropriate temperature, and properly trimming the wick before each use. A well-trimmed wick allows for an even burn and minimizes the risk of drowning out during the candle’s life.
Dye: A coloring additive specifically designed for adding color to candle wax during the candle-making process. It comes in various forms, such as liquid, dye chips, or blocks, and is available in a wide range of colors to suit different preferences and creative designs.
Embed: An object or decorative element that is candle-safe and placed within the wax of a candle. Often embeds are made of wax or non-combustible materials that have been safety tested for use in candles. Embeds of dried flowers, herbs, or other small objects that are flammable should NEVER be used in candles that are to be burned.
The embed becomes an integral part of the candle as it solidifies, creating unique and visually appealing designs within the wax. Candle makers often use embeds to enhance the aesthetic appeal of their candles, allowing for creative customization and personalized touch to the finished product.
End Of Useful Life: The point to which a candle can no longer be burned after being used and it is time to get a new one.
Essential Oils: Concentrated plant extracts that capture the aromatic compounds of various botanicals, often used for their fragrance and potential therapeutic properties. These oils are obtained through methods such as distillation or cold pressing. While they are great for many things due to quality and safety issues they are not recommended for use in candles meant to be burned.
Filled Candle: A candle produced in a container or vessel for which it is intended to be burned. See Also: Container Candle
Flame Height: The vertical distance from the top of the candle flame to the wick’s base or the surface of the wax. The flame height is influenced by various factors, including the type and size of the wick, the composition of the wax, and the candle’s environment.
Different wick materials and constructions can impact how the flame burns, and maintaining an appropriate flame height is crucial for the overall performance of the candle. Factors such as drafts or airflow in the environment can influence flame height, and candle makers carefully select wick sizes and types to achieve the desired characteristics in their candles.
Flammable: A substance or material that has the potential to ignite easily and undergo combustion when exposed to an open flame, heat, or sparks. This term indicates a heightened risk of fire or combustion under specific conditions. It is essential to handle and store flammable materials with care, following safety guidelines to minimize the risk of fire hazards.
Flash Point: the minimum temperature at which a substance, can produce enough flammable vapor to ignite when exposed to an open flame or heat source. Often confused with “ignition point” but entirely different.
Flashover: The condition where the base material’s vapors ignite over the entire fuel pool, it would likely be in reference to a rapid and widespread combustion of the candle material.
This situation may occur if the volatile components of the candle material, such as certain additives or fragrances, ignite simultaneously over the entire surface of the candle.
It’s essential for candle makers to carefully control the composition of the candle to prevent unintended and uncontrollable ignition events. Safety measures, proper ingredient proportions, and adherence to recommended guidelines are crucial to avoid undesirable situations during the candle-making process.
Flat Braid Wick: A type of woven cotton wick that has a wide, flat profile rather than a round shape. Several cotton fibers are braided and pressed to create a flat wick with defined edges. When lit, the flat braid design promotes full candle wax absorption and capillary flow to the flame.
They are made by braiding and compressing cotton threads into a flat shape which provides a wider profile with pressed, defined edges. The flat braid wick provides excellent capillary flow for wax absorption as the cotton fibers burn slowly and evenly when lit. The flat shape also resists clogging and mushrooming and creates a bright, upright flame shape. Flat braid wicks are available in various widths to suit different candle diameters and are often used for container candles, pillars, and other styles.
The flattened, braided design gives flat braid wicks a larger surface area for absorbing melted wax. This allows the wick to bring ample fuel to the flame for complete combustion. The flat braid texture also resists folding over or mushrooming compared to traditional round wicks. Overall, flat braid wicks are valued for their crisp, luminous flames and efficient fuel delivery.
Flicker: The irregular and wavering movement of the flame produced by a burning candle. This gentle and rhythmic swaying motion is a natural characteristic of a candle flame and is influenced by various factors, including wick clogging, air currents or drafts in the surrounding environment. The flickering flame adds to the visual appeal of candles and is often considered a desirable feature.
If this is not an intentional feature, flickering can lead to poor candle quality or even impingement. Candlemakers may take into account factors such as wick size and type to achieve a pleasing and consistent flicker in the burning process.
Floating Candle: a type of candle designed to float on the surface of water, typically used in decorative arrangements such as bowls, ponds, or decorative containers.
Fragrance Load: The amount of fragrance oil added to the candle wax during the production process. It is expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the wax. The fragrance load significantly influences the strength of the scent that the candle will emit when burned.
A higher fragrance load generally results in a more potent and noticeable scent when the candle is lit. However, there are limitations to the amount of fragrance that can be added, and exceeding the recommended fragrance load can lead to issues like poor burning performance, excessive soot, flash point fire, or even nearly reducing the hot throw entirely.
Frageance Notes: The various aromatic components that collectively create the overall scent and tone of a fragrance oil used in the candle. These notes are categorized into top notes, which are the initial scents perceived when the candle is lit; middle notes, which form the main body of the fragrance; and base notes, which emerge as the candle continues to burn, providing deeper and longer-lasting scents.
Candlemakers should consider these notes when blending different scents to achieve a well-balanced and harmonious fragrance profile for their candles.
Fragrance Oil: An additive that is generally a concentrated liquid/oil blend containing synthetic and/or natural aromatic compounds specifically designed to impart a specific scent to a candle.
Fragrance Overload: An excessive amount of fragrance oil in the wax can result in oversaturation, leading to difficulties in achieving a well-balanced and evenly distributed scent, or in many cases safety risks of fire since the flashpoint of fragrance oil is much less than wax.
Freestanding Candle: A rigid candle that is intended to be burned outside a container and does not require a holder to keep it upright, excluding votive candles. See Also: Pillar Candle
Frosting: The formation of a white, powdery, or crystalline substance on the surface of the candle as it cools and solidifies. This frosting effect can also occur more frequently in natural waxes like soy wax. Frosting is caused by the crystalline structure that forms during the cooling process. It does not affect the quality or performance of the candle and is often considered by some as a desirable and decorative feature, adding a rustic or vintage appearance to the candle. See Also: Bloom
Fuel Pool: See Melt Pool
Gel Candle: a candle where the primary fuel, often called “Gel Wax” or a liquid, such as mineral oil, terpene type chemicals, polymers or modified hydrocarbons that are not mineral oil based, which may or may not contain organic functional groups; it also contains a chemical agent to increase the viscosity (thicken) to a point where the candle has a quasi-rigid property.
Gel Wax: Not actually a wax at all but a liquid or quasi-rigid substance or a blend of chemicals such as mineral oil, terpene-type chemicals, polymers, or modified hydrocarbons that are not mineral oil-based, which may or may not contain organic functional groups; it also contains a chemical agent to increase the viscosity (thicken) to a point where the candle has a quasi-rigid property. Gel Wax can be more flammable than a standard wax.
Glass Adhesion: The ability of melted wax to properly adhere to the inner surface of the candle container, often made of glass. This factor is critical for creating a clean and visually appealing finished product. Several factors influence glass adhesion, including the type of wax used, the size and type of wick, the pouring temperature of the wax, and the preparation of the glass container. Achieving good glass adhesion is essential for ensuring the overall quality and appearance of container candles.
Candlemakers carefully consider these factors to promote even adhesion and prevent issues such as uneven surfaces or wax pulling away from the sides of the container.
Guttering: The uneven melting that causes wax to drip down the sides of a burning pillar candle, creating grooves or channels in the surface. It is caused by an oversized wick, airflow drafts, high temperatures, or a wide container allowing the melt pool to reach the edges. Guttering can be prevented by proper wick sizing, adding hardeners to the wax, eliminating drafts, and using a container with a shape/diameter that contains the melt pool.
Hang-Up: The situation where the wick of a burning candle encounters difficulties or delays in drawing up melted wax to fuel the flame properly. This can result in issues such as uneven burning, tunneling, or the candle extinguishing prematurely. Factors contributing to wick hang-up may include using a wick that is too small for the candle diameter, certain waxes or additives affecting the flow of melted wax, and fragrance oils that, if not properly formulated, can contribute to wick hang-up by affecting the wicking action.
Addressing wick hang-ups is essential for maintaining a consistent and even burn throughout the life of the candle.
Candlemakers carefully select appropriate wick sizes and consider the characteristics of the chosen wax and fragrance oils to minimize the risk of hang-up-related issues.
Hot Throw: The strength and intensity of the fragrance emitted by a candle when it is burning.
HTP: A wick type that stands for “High Tension Paper-Core”. It is a paper core wick that is braided in cotton. It burns at a medium-high temperature and has a good deal of rigidity, good capillarity, and it is good for thicker more viscous waxes that may contain a greater amount of additives.
IFRA: The International Fragrance Association, is a global trade organization representing the fragrance industry.
It plays a pivotal role in establishing and promoting safety standards for the use of fragrance ingredients in various consumer products, including candles, perfumes, and household items.
IFRA develops and maintains a Code of Practice that outlines safety and usage standards, including maximum allowable concentrations of specific ingredients in finished products.
The organization conducts scientific research to assess the safety of fragrance ingredients and collaborates with industry stakeholders to ensure the responsible use of fragrances.
IFRA’s standards may influence labeling requirements, providing consumers with information to make informed choices about products containing fragrances.
Candlemakers refer to IFRA guidelines to ensure the safe and responsible use of fragrance materials in their products, contributing to overall product safety and consumer confidence.
Ignition Point: The minimum temperature at which a substance can spontaneously ignite without an external ignition source (such as an open flame). Often confused with “flash point”, but entirely different.
Inclusions: Materials fully encased within a candle’s wax body to add decorative or novelty elements. Inclusions are distinguished from embeds, which sit atop the wax surface. Common types are decorative parts like wax shapes, or candle-safe glitter for aesthetic interest and novelty items like coins, rings, and notes for surprise reveals.
Inclusions must withstand heat, be candle-safe, be placed entirely in wax without touching sides or wick, and be sized not to disrupt burning. When used appropriately, inclusions present creative opportunities for candle designs, messages, and surprises.
Inner Diameter: The measurement of the inside edge of a vessel to the other internal edge. Knowing the inner diameter of a candle vessel is essential for selecting appropriately sized wicks, ensuring proper burning characteristics, and achieving the desired aesthetic for the candle.
Impingement: the phenomenon where the flame of a candle comes into contact with nearby surfaces or objects. This contact can result in the transfer of heat, potentially causing issues such as vessels exploding, discoloration, melting, or scorching of surrounding materials. Factors contributing to impingement include uneven air currents or drafts, the length of the wick, and the placement of candles relative to each other and other objects. Candle makers consider these factors to prevent impingement and ensure safe burning conditions, emphasizing proper wick trimming, suitable candle placement, and awareness of the surrounding environment to minimize the risk of related issues.
Jar Candle: See Container Candle
Jump Line: See Chatter Line
Jute Wick: A type of wick made from natural jute fibers, used in some candle designs.
Kettle Pouring: A method of candle making where wax is melted in a large kettle or pot before being poured into molds.
Luminosity: The quality of light emitted by a candle, often influenced by the type of wax, fragrance, and additives used. Brightness and crispness are often ways that people define the luminosity of a candle flame.
Material Safety Data Sheet: See MSDS
Melt Point: The temperature at which a particular wax fully transforms from a solid state to a liquid. Different waxes used in candle making have distinct melt points. Understanding the melting point is crucial for selecting the right wax for specific applications, determining appropriate wick sizes, adding additives, and ensuring that the candle burns evenly.
Melt Pool: The liquid wax that forms on the surface of a burning candle as it melts. As the candle burns, the heat generated melts the wax, creating a pool of liquid around the flame. The size and depth of the melt pool can be influenced by factors such as the type of wax used, the size and type of wick, and the diameter of the candle.
A proper melt pool is essential for an even and efficient burn. It is generally recommended that the melt pool reaches the edges of the candle container or forms a complete pool across the top surface of the candle. Achieving a full melt pool helps prevent issues like tunneling and ensures a clean, consistent, and prolonged burn throughout the life of the candle.
Melting Pot: See Wax Melter
Middle Notes: the scents that become noticeable once the candle has been burning for a little while. These notes form the main body of the fragrance and contribute to the overall character and theme of the scent. Middle notes play a significant role in shaping the candle’s olfactory profile, providing a balanced and cohesive aroma experience.
Candlemakers carefully consider the selection and combination of middle notes when blending different fragrance oils to achieve a well-rounded and appealing scent for their candles.
Mix Temperature: The temperature at which various components, such as wax, fragrance oils, and additives, are blended together to create the candle mixture. This temperature is crucial for achieving a homogeneous and well-integrated candle blend. The mix temperature is specific to the type of wax or process used, and it ensures proper consistency and uniform distribution of fragrance oil and any additives throughout the candle mixture.
Candlemakers carefully control the mix temperature as part of the overall candle crafting process to produce high-quality candles with consistent fragrance distribution and appearance.
Mold / Mould: A container or form used in candle making to shape and mold the hot liquid wax into a specific design or shape as it cools and solidifies. Candle molds come in various materials, including metal, silicone, plastic, and rubber, and they are available in a wide range of shapes and sizes to create different types of candles. The mold is typically filled with melted wax, and after cooling, the candle is removed from the mold, resulting in a finished candle with the desired form or pattern. Molds play a crucial role in determining the final appearance of the candle, and they are an essential tool for candle makers to craft candles in various styles and designs.
Mold Sealer Putty: A putty used to seal or close gaps, seams, or joints in molds. It is applied to the outer surface of a mold to prevent the wax from leaking out during the casting process. Mold sealers help create a barrier that ensures the molding material stays contained within the mold, allowing for accurate reproduction of the desired shape.
Mottling: The intentional creation of a variegated or mottled appearance on the surface of a candle. This effect is often achieved by using certain waxes and additives that cause uneven color distribution during the cooling process.
For example, soy wax is known for its ability to produce a mottled appearance when it solidifies. The mottling effect creates a textured and rustic aesthetic, giving the candle a unique and visually interesting look. Candlemakers may use specific techniques or additives to enhance or control the mottling effect based on their desired outcome.
Mottling is a sought-after feature in some candles, particularly those aiming for a natural or vintage appearance. It adds character and uniqueness to the finished product.
MSDS: The abbreviation for “Material Safety Data Sheet”. It is a comprehensive document that provides detailed information about the properties, hazards, handling, storage, emergency measures, and regulatory compliance of a particular substance or product. MSDS is now commonly referred to as SDS (Safety Data Sheet) under the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS).
In candle making, an MSDS or SDS would include information about the wax, dyes, fragrances, and other chemicals involved. It serves as a valuable resource for users, including manufacturers, employees, emergency responders, and consumers, to understand the potential risks associated with the substances and to implement proper safety measures.
See Also: SDS
Mushrooming: A phenomenon that can occur when a candle wick burns and a small carbon buildup accumulates at the tip, resembling the cap of a mushroom. This mushroom-shaped carbon deposit is commonly seen in cotton wicks, especially those used in certain types of candles like paraffin.
Mushrooming can contribute to increased soot emissions, and reduce the candle’s burn quality.
Regularly trimming the wick helps control the size of the flame and minimizes the formation of carbon buildup, promoting a cleaner and more even burn. Additionally, choosing quality wicks and using appropriate wick sizes for specific candle types can also impact the occurrence of mushrooming.
Neck: The portion of a wick clip or sustainer that extends above the base and attaches to the wick. The neck is there to support the stabilization of the wick during the pouring and burning processes. It also allows the candlemaker to glue or use a wick sticker to secure the wick to the vessel. In pillar candles, the neck will be the internal stabilizing device for the wick.
The size and design of the wick clip neck can impact factors such as flame stability and overall wick performance in the candle.
Candlemakers select wick clips with suitable neck dimensions based on the specific requirements of their candle designs.
Noncombustible: Anything that is not capable of igniting and burning when subjected to a flame/fire under specified conditions.
Olfactory: The sense of smell or the ability to perceive and interpret different scents. The olfactory experience in candles is crucial, as it involves the aromatic qualities of fragrance oils or essential oils that contribute to the overall scent of the candle.
Candlemakers focus on creating appealing olfactory experiences by carefully selecting and blending fragrance notes to achieve a pleasing and harmonious aroma when the candle is burned.
OOB – Out Of Bottle: The scent of a fragrance straight from the bottle it is stored in. This can be a completely different scent experience while the candle is burning, so it is important to make a test candle with the fragrance before judging a scent straight from the bottle.
Opaque: A visual characteristic where a material or substance is not transparent or translucent. An opaque material does not allow light to pass through.
Certain waxes, dyes, or additives may be used to create an opaque appearance in the wax. This means that when the candle is solidified, it doesn’t allow light to pass through, resulting in a non-transparent or cloudy appearance. Candlemakers may choose to create opaque candles for various aesthetic reasons or to achieve specific design effects.
Outdoor Candle: A candle designed to be burned outdoors. These candles are generally larger than standard indoor candles. They are commonly found in steel pails and utilize large wicks. Their general purpose can be solely decorative but often the candle contains additives to repel bugs.
Overdip: A technique used to add a layer of wax to a finished candle. This additional layer is typically applied over an existing, fully cooled, and solidified candle to achieve various effects, such as texture, color, or fragrance. The process involves dipping the candle into a melted wax of a different color or composition, allowing the new layer to adhere to the surface.
This method can be employed for creative purposes, allowing candle makers to enhance the visual appeal of their products or experiment with different wax combinations. It is a technique that adds versatility to candle designs by introducing additional layers and elements to the finished product.
Oversaturation: This occurs when the wax or wick becomes excessively soaked or saturated with fragrance oil. Adding an excessive amount of fragrance oil to the wax can lead to the wick becoming oversaturated, it may impact the candle’s burning characteristics, potentially causing issues such as smoking, uneven burning, or difficulty in maintaining a stable flame or creating a dangerous secondary ignition.
Oversaturation can also affect the candle’s appearance, leading to uneven surfaces, discoloration, or other visual imperfections.
Candlemakers carefully measure and balance the amount of fragrance oil used to avoid oversaturation, aiming to create candles with a consistent and pleasant scent, optimal burning performance, and an appealing appearance.
Palm Wax: A vegetable-based wax, derived from the oil of palm trees, particularly the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). It is recognized for its sustainability as it comes from a renewable resource, although concerns exist regarding the environmental impact of palm oil cultivation.
When solidified, palm wax exhibits a unique crystalline or feathered appearance, adding aesthetic appeal to candles. Known for its clean and slow burn, palm wax retains fragrance well and is versatile, suitable for both container and molded candles. Its biodegradability further contributes to reduced environmental impact.
Candlemakers appreciate palm wax for its natural origin and distinct qualities but must be cautious about sourcing practices to ensure sustainability.
Parabens: A group of synthetic chemicals commonly used as preservatives in various personal care and cosmetic products, including some fragrances and scented products. In candle making, parabens may be present in fragrance oils used to impart scents to candles. However, like in other industries, there is growing awareness of potential health concerns related to parabens.
Parabens have been associated with concerns about endocrine disruption and have been found in trace amounts in the environment. As a result, some candle makers and consumers may prefer products that are labeled as “paraben-free” as a precautionary measure.
Paraffin Wax: A wax derived from petroleum refining, is a widely used and versatile material in candle making. Its affordability makes it a popular choice for various candle types, including votives, pillars, and container candles.
With a consistent and smooth texture, paraffin wax is easy to mold and pour, ensuring a uniform appearance in finished candles. Known for excellent burning characteristics, it produces a steady and even flame, releases fragrance effectively, and can hold ample scent.
While it has an opaque appearance when solidified, it can be translucent based on refinement and additives.
Despite its popularity, environmental considerations arise due to its petroleum-based origin, leading some to opt for alternative waxes with more sustainable or natural sources.
Pillar Candle: a rigid candle that is intended to be burned outside a container and does not require a holder to keep it upright, excluding votive candles.
See Also: Freestanding Candle
Pouring Pitcher / Pot: A container used in candle making for melting and pouring wax. It is designed with a spout or pouring lip to facilitate precise pouring without spills, a handle for secure handling, and capacity markings for measuring wax amounts.
Made from heat-resistant materials, pour pots can withstand the high temperatures needed for melting wax. Some are designed to fit into a double boiler system, providing a safe and controlled method for the melting process.
Candlemakers rely on pour pots as practical tools to ensure a clean and controlled pouring process, contributing to the overall quality of the finished candles.
Power Burn: The practice where a candle is intentionally burned for an extended period, often longer than recommended, to observe its performance under stress conditions. Candlemakers may conduct power burns to assess factors such as the candle’s burn time, fragrance throw, and overall behavior over an extended period.
This testing method allows for insights into how a candle performs under more extreme conditions, providing valuable information about its quality and characteristics. It is important to note that power burns should be conducted with caution, considering safety guidelines and monitoring the candle closely during the extended burning period to avoid potential hazards.
Prayer Candle: A votive candle that was designed to be burned while prayers are being said. Some sources claim that once the candle had burned out the time for prayer was over. See Also: Votive Candle
Primed Wick: A wick that undergoes a pre-treatment process. This involves coating the wick with a mixture of waxes or other materials to enhance its burning qualities. This coating facilitates easier ignition, promotes a steady burn, and reduces smoking or soot emissions. The priming process involves dipping the wick in the coating mixture and allowing it to dry, providing improved stability and structure to the wick during pouring and burning. The use of primed wicks contributes to a cleaner and more efficient burning experience in candles.
Phthalates: A group of chemicals that may be present in fragrance oils, where they help disperse scents and extend their longevity. However, there is increasing awareness of potential health concerns associated with certain phthalates, as there are studies that show these chemicals can cause all kinds of health issues leading some candle makers, suppliers, and consumers to prefer phthalate-free fragrance options for candles.
The use of phthalate-free alternatives aligns with a focus on creating candles that are perceived as more environmentally friendly and health-conscious.
Pull-away: See Wet Spots
Rate Of Consumption – ROC: The rate at which a candle consumes wax during a burn. Generally, it measures in Oz/Gm per hour. Wicks are often rated by their ROC, but those rates can differ widely depending on the additives a candle contains. See Also: Burn Rate
Relief Holes: Small holes intentionally created in the wax around the embedded wick. These holes serve the purpose of relieving trapped air or preventing air pockets from forming as the wax cools and solidifies. The creation of relief holes is a technique commonly employed in container candles, especially those with complex or irregular shapes.
By allowing air to escape through these relief holes, candle makers help prevent issues with the finished candle and are often used in candles where a second pour is necessary.
Religious Candle: A candle that is predominantly intended, constructed, packaged, and labeled for use in a public venue during a religious or similar ceremony. Generally, 17 in. (43 cm) or more in length are considered religious/ceremonial candles. These candles are commonly displayed and burned in the place of worship as the focal candle during a ceremony, service, or event. These candles may be adorned with symbols and ornamentation as required and deemed appropriate. See Also: Ceremonial Candle
Repour: See Second Pour
Scent Load: See Fragrance Load
Scent Throw: How strongly and effectively a candle releases its fragrance into the surrounding environment when it is burning. It encompasses both the scent experienced when the candle is unlit (cold throw) and the strength of the fragrance during the burning process (hot throw). Achieving a balanced and desirable scent throw is a key consideration for candle makers, influenced by factors such as the type and quality of fragrance oil, the wax used, the size and type of wick, and the overall design of the candle. This optimal scent throw contributes to the overall satisfaction and effectiveness of scented candles.
SDS: The abbreviation for Safety Data Sheet. An SDS is a standardized document that provides essential information about the properties, hazards, safe use, and emergency procedures related to a specific chemical or product. SDS is a crucial component of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), which is an international standard for the classification and communication of chemical hazards. See Also: MSDS, Material Safety Data Sheet
Secondary Ignition: a self-sustained flame other than that on the intended wick(s) that occurs during candle use, including candle flashover. It is a situation where a flame or ignition event takes place beyond the primary lighting of the candle, potentially due to factors like excess wick length, flammable materials in the vicinity, or other external influences. Addressing and preventing secondary ignition is crucial for maintaining safe candle use and preventing unintended fires.
You will often see Secondary Ignitions in candles that use dried herbs or flowers on the top of a candle intended to be burned. Secondary Ignition is the leading cause of property and bodily harm when burning candles.
Second Pour: An additional pouring of melted wax onto a partially cooled or fully solidified candle. This technique is employed to fill any depressions, sinkholes, or imperfections that may have formed during the initial pouring and cooling process.
Shabbat Candle: A candle that is lit on Friday evening before sunset to usher in the Jewish Sabbath. These are commonly taper candles but can also be found in other styles as well. According to Chabad.org almost any candle can be considered kosher and be used as a Shabbat candle.
Single-Pour Wax: A type of wax that is designed to be melted and poured into a container or mold in a single pouring session, without the need for a second or repour. This type of wax is formulated to cool evenly and create a smooth surface without the necessity for additional pours.
The advantage of using a single-pour wax is that it simplifies the candle-making process, eliminating the need for a second pour to correct imperfections.
Sink Hole: a depression or cavity that can develop in the center of a container candle as it cools. This occurs when the wax contracts unevenly during the cooling process, leaving an irregular surface. Sinkholes can be caused by factors such as uneven cooling, temperature fluctuations, or using a wick that is too large for the candle’s diameter. Candlemakers often address sinkholes by adjusting pouring temperatures or employing repour techniques to fill depressions and achieve a smoother finish in the final candle.
Smooth Top: The desirable outcome where the surface of a candle, once it has fully solidified, appears even, level, and free from any irregularities or imperfections. Achieving a smooth top is often considered a sign of quality craftsmanship and attention to detail in the candle-making process. Candlemakers may employ various techniques, such as controlled cooling, to enhance the likelihood of achieving a smooth and aesthetically pleasing finish on the top surface of the candle.
Snuffer: a tool designed for extinguishing candles by gently covering and smothering the flame without causing excessive smoke or hot wax splatter. It typically consists of a bell-shaped or cone-like metal or heat-resistant material attached to a handle. When using a snuffer, the bell is placed over the candle flame, cutting off the oxygen supply and extinguishing the fire in a controlled manner.
Candle snuffers are favored for their ability to extinguish candles without the abrupt motion of blowing, which can lead to wax splatter and potential damage to the wick. Using a snuffer is a methodical and gentle way to end the burning of a candle, minimizing mess and preserving the overall quality of the candle.
Soot / Sooting: A black or white colored carbon residue that can form on candle wicks during burning. It is created from the incomplete combustion of wax and other candle ingredients. As the candle burns, some of the wax vaporizes before being fully consumed by the flame. These unburned hydrocarbon particles then condense into black carbon soot.
Soot forms on the wick as a black carbon buildup and is caused by incomplete combustion of wax and oils. Soot indicates the wick is getting too hot and can cause the emission of black smoke from the candle. A buildup of soot can also cause the wick to mushroom and clog. Proper wick sizing and trimming help prevent excess soot.
Too much soot is an indicator that the candle isn’t burning optimally. However, a small amount of soot is normal, as the combustion process will always create some unburned particles. The key is to minimize soot by using the right wick type and maintaining the proper melting pool temperature for the wax. This helps ensure cleaner, more complete burning with less carbon residue.
Soy Wax: A natural and renewable vegetable wax derived from soybean oil. It is produced through the hydrogenation process of soybean oil, resulting in a solid wax. Known for its sustainability, soy wax is made from soybeans, offering a more environmentally friendly option. Additionally, soy wax is biodegradable, breaking down naturally over time.
It has a slower burn rate, providing longer-lasting candles, and is versatile, and suitable for various candle types. Soy wax is valued for its acceptance of fragrances, allowing it to effectively carry and release scents.
Square Wick: A type of wick that has a flat, square cross-section rather than the traditional round shape. Square wicks are typically braided or plaited from multiple cotton or paper fibers. When lit, the four corners of the square wick curl into the flame and assist with capillary action, absorbing and incinerating melted wax.
They have a flat, square cross-section often made of braided/plaited cotton or paper fibers. The four corners help draw wax up and burn more efficiently. Square wicks also tend to resist mushrooming or clogging compared to round wicks. They provide a brighter, bolder flame that is less prone to smoking. Square wicks come in various widths to suit different candle diameters and allow for a larger melt pool than rounded wicks.
Square wicks are a popular choice for container candles, pillars, votives and other candle styles. The square shape provides more surface area for improved combustion, reducing excess soot and promoting complete wax burning. This helps the candle burn cleaner and more evenly. Square wicks are appreciated for their crisp, luminous flame and excellent capillarity.
Stabilizer: See Wick Stabilizer
Stabilizing Bar: See Wick Stabilizer
Stabilo Wick: A flat-braided cotton wicks with paper filament woven into it. They are treated with a proprietary saturation formula. This treatment makes the fibers rigid and compressed to maintain the flat wick shape. The compressed flat design provides excellent capillarity for fuel delivery to the flame. Stabilo wicks resist collapsing, mushrooming, and clogging as they burn. Their flat shape and saturation allow for a brighter, hotter flame and produce minimal soot and smoke compared to other wick types. Stabilo wicks are offered in a range of widths for versatility and are a good choice for both container and pillar candles. Often sold as CD wicks, as they share the same sizes and results.
Stearic Acid: A saturated fatty acid, serves as a valuable additive in candle making. Its primary roles include enhancing wax hardness for shape retention, acting as a mold release agent for easier removal from molds, improving the texture of candles for a smoother finish, contributing to opacity or whiteness, and potentially extending burn time by slowing down wax melting.
It is important to note that the use of stearic acid may impact fragrance throw, and considerations about its sourcing—whether from animal or vegetable origins—can be relevant based on manufacturing preferences such as vegan or cruelty-free options.
Stuttering: See Chatter Marks
Sweating: There are two main reasons for sweating. (1) when moisture or condensation forms on the candle’s surface due to temperature or humidity fluctuations. Rapid temperature changes, such as moving a candle from a cold to a warm environment, and high humidity levels contribute to sweating. This phenomenon is more common in candles made from materials prone to absorbing moisture. Proper storage in a cool, dry place and allowing the candle to acclimate to room temperature before lighting can help minimize moisture-related issues.
(2) Over saturation of additives such as fragrance oil, or the improper mixing of an additive can cause the additive to rise to the surface while the candle is curing. This can pose a great safety risk and the candle should not be burned.
Synthetic: Materials or substances that are artificially created or manufactured rather than being derived from natural sources. This term encompasses components like synthetic fragrance oils, which are lab-created scents, synthetic dyes providing a broad color spectrum, and various synthetic additives, such as UV stabilizers or flame retardants, that enhance specific properties in candles. The choice between synthetic and natural components depends on factors like the desired characteristics of the final product and the preferences of the candle maker and consumers.
Taper Candle: A long, narrow cylindrical candle that narrows slightly from a wider base to a conical tip. These can be candles you see in a candelabra, as standard Shabbat candles, or even on a birthday cake.
Tart: A small, scented wax melt or wax tart. Tarts are designed to be melted in a tart warmer or wax warmer to release their fragrance into the surrounding space. They are often made from a combination of wax and fragrance oil, providing an alternative to traditional candles for scenting a room. When heated, the tart releases its fragrance, creating a pleasant and aromatic environment. Tarts come in various shapes and sizes, and they are a popular choice for those who enjoy the versatility and convenience of wax melts in home fragrances.
Tart Warmer: A device designed for melting scented wax tarts or wax melts to release fragrance. It typically consists of a heating element beneath a warming dish. Users place a wax tart in the dish, and as the heat source warms up, the wax melts, releasing its fragrance into the room. Tart warmers come in different designs, including electric plug-in models and tea light-powered warmers, offering a flame-free option for enjoying various scents in home fragrances.
Tealight Candles: a cylindrical filled candle produced with a diameter and height of approximately 1.5 in. (38 mm) and 0.75 in. (19 mm) respectively. Commonly thought to have been invented in 12th century Japan, they were used both as a timer and to keep pots of tea warm. Tealight candles became popular in the Western world around the Victorian era. They are still used today for warming and decor.
Thermal Conductivity: How quickly heat transfers through a solid wax to its melt point during burning.
Waxes with high thermal conductivity will melt and form a liquid wax pool rapidly when heat is applied via the candle flame. The solid-to-liquid phase change happens quickly as heat travels swiftly through the wax.
Low thermal conductivity waxes absorb heat more slowly and resist melting. More time is required for the heat to traverse the solid wax and elevate it to its melting point.
Thermal conductivity is determined by the wax’s components and molecular structure. Waxes higher in saturated hydrocarbons melt faster as the heat travels quickly through their tightly packed molecules.
For example, paraffin wax has very high thermal conductivity, allowing it to melt and pool swiftly when lit. Beeswax and soy wax have lower conductivity, requiring more time to reach their melt point.
Candle testing helps determine burn rate and melt pool formation based on thermal conductivity. Proper wick sizing can help compensate when working with wax that is a slow melter. Understanding wax conductivity allows for safer, optimized candle designs.
Throw: See Scent Throw
Top Pour: See Second Pour
Tunneling: The uneven burning pattern where a hole forms down the center of the candle, leaving wax along the sides untouched. This occurs when the candle burns only down the middle, creating a tunnel-like cavity, and can result from factors such as using a wick that is too small for the candle diameter, not allowing the wax to melt to the edges during the initial burn, or burning the candle for insufficient periods. Tunneling can lead to wasted wax and reduced overall burn quality. Preventive measures include choosing an appropriate wick size, burning candles long enough for a full melt pool to form, and trimming wicks before each use.
UV Stabilizer: An additive used to protect candles from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. UV stabilizers are substances that help prevent color fading, degradation, and other undesirable changes in the physical and chemical properties of candles when they are exposed to sunlight or artificial light sources containing UV rays.
By incorporating UV stabilizers into candle formulations, candle makers aim to enhance the longevity and visual appeal of the finished candles. This is particularly important for candles that may be displayed in areas with direct sunlight, such as outdoor settings or near windows.
UV stabilizers can be especially relevant for candles with vibrant colors or those made with materials that are sensitive to UV radiation. The stabilizers work by absorbing or blocking the UV light, reducing its impact on the candle’s composition. The use of UV stabilizers contributes to the overall quality and durability of candles, helping them maintain their aesthetic and functional properties over time.
Vessel: The container or holder in which the candle is crafted and presented. This container, made from materials like glass, metal, ceramic, or concrete, comes in diverse shapes and sizes.
The choice of vessel material impacts the candle’s appearance, safety, and overall aesthetic, with different materials conducting heat differently. Vessels offer various designs, styles, and colors, allowing candle makers to create a range of products for different preferences and occasions.
Size and shape considerations influence burn time, wax consumption, and visual appeal, catering to various purposes from small, decorative candles to larger, long-burning ones.
Candlemakers carefully select vessels to complement their designs, considering functionality, safety, and the overall visual impact of the finished product.
Votive Candle: A small candle (Around 1-2 inches tall) made to be used within a votive holder. This candle has a very confusing history. They are said to predate Christian usage but are burned at grave sites, shrines, on the Sabbath like a Shabbat Candle, and even burned while prayers are being said. Today it is still used religiously but also has a life as decorative. See Also: Prayer Candle
Votive Holder: A container/accessory that is made to hold one or more votive candles.
Vybar: A brand of candle additive, is a polymer-based powder used in candle making to enhance the characteristics of wax. Recognized for its texture-improving properties, Vybar contributes to the smoothness and malleability of the wax, facilitating ease of handling during pouring and molding.
Additionally, Vybar can influence the opacity or whiteness of the wax and aid in the adhesion of fragrance and dye for an even distribution of scent and color. Often employed to reduce mottling, Vybar allows candle makers to achieve a more uniform appearance in the finished product. While primarily used for aesthetic purposes, Vybar may also impact burn qualities, including flame stability and burn time. Its use allows for precise control over both the visual and performance aspects of candles.
Wax: serves as fuel and the fundamental material that, when melted and solidified, forms the candle. Various types of wax can be employed, each with its own characteristics. Common waxes include paraffin, soy, beeswax, and palm.
Wax is composed of long hydrocarbon chains derived from fatty acids. These molecules are nonpolar and, when heated, transition from a solid to a liquid state. As the melted wax cools and solidifies during candle making, it forms a matrix that encapsulates the wick and any additives, creating the final candle structure. The selection of wax type influences factors such as burn time, scent dispersion, and visual appearance in the finished candle product.
Wax Melt: A scented wax product designed to be melted in a wax warmer or melt burner rather than burned with an open flame like a traditional candle. Wax melts typically come in small, often shaped portions, sometimes referred to as “tarts” or “wax cubes.”
When placed in a wax warmer, the heat from a light bulb or another heating element melts the wax, releasing its fragrance into the surrounding space. This process provides a flameless alternative to traditional candles, making wax melts a popular choice for scenting rooms and creating a pleasant atmosphere.
Wax melts are often made from similar materials as candles, such as paraffin or soy wax, and can be infused with various fragrance oils. They offer a versatile and convenient way to enjoy scents without the need for an open flame.
Wax Melter: A device designed for melting wax. It provides a controlled and efficient way to heat the wax to its melting point, allowing it to be poured into molds or containers to create candles or other wax-based products.
Key features of a wax melter include a heating element that raises the temperature of the wax to its melting point, temperature controls for different types of wax, various sizes to accommodate different quantities of wax, and safety features such as temperature indicators, automatic shut-off functions, and heat-resistant materials.
Wax melters are essential tools for candle makers, offering a convenient and controlled method for melting wax and ensuring a consistent and smooth process in the production of candles or other wax-based creations.
Wax Memory: See Burn Memory
Wax Mound: A mound, or build-up of wax around the wick when the candle has cooled. This is caused by ambient temperature issues, or drafts and are often part of the tunneling process.
Raising the temperature of your work space to 70 – 78 degrees F (21 -26 C) can reduce Wax Mounds. Pouring into heated containers can also alleviate this issue.
Wet Spot: A cosmetic issue where a wet-looking spot appears on the candle’s surface, often around the sides of a translucent container. This occurs when the wax pulls away from the container, leaving an air pocket between the wax and the container.
Factors such as pouring temperature, cooling rate, and container type can contribute to the development of wet spots. While wet spots don’t affect the candle’s burn or fragrance, they are considered aesthetically undesirable. Techniques like using a heat gun or adjusting pouring temperatures can help to minimize the occurrence of wet spots in the finished candles.
White Beeswax: Beeswax that has been filtered and processed to remove impurities, pigments, and natural color. Unlike natural yellow beeswax, which retains its characteristic golden color, white beeswax has a clean and neutral appearance. See Also: Beeswax
Wick: An object that delivers fuel to a flame through the process of capillary action. Wick materials can vary and may include cotton, wood, or other fibers. some have cores made of different materials like paper or zinc, and twisted thread-like structure that extends from the base of the candle to the tip.
The proper selection of a wick is crucial to achieving desired burn qualities, such as flame size, burn time, and overall candle performance.
Often made of braided threads, The wick plays a crucial role in the burning process, serving as the pathway for the melted wax to be drawn up to the flame.
The key characteristics of a wick include its size, material, and construction, which collectively influence the burning characteristics of the candle. The wick’s size is typically denoted by a designated number, and choosing the right wick size is essential for achieving an even burn and optimal performance in the finished candle.
Wicking: The process of selecting and placing the wick within the candle. This process includes choosing the right type and size of the wick and positioning it correctly within the candle container or mold before pouring the melted wax. Key considerations include the type of wick material, construction, and size, which collectively influence burn rate, flame size, and overall performance. Properly positioning the wick is crucial for achieving an even burn, preventing issues like tunneling or uneven wax consumption.
Candlemakers carefully assess these factors to attain the desired burn characteristics and overall performance in the finished candle product.
Wickless Candle: A type of candle that doesn’t use a traditional wick for burning. Instead, it relies on alternative methods, such as using electric warmers, which use an electric heating element to melt scented wax without an open flame. Wickless candles provide a flame-free alternative for enjoying fragrances, making them a popular choice for those seeking a safer option or in environments where an open flame is not suitable.
Wick Assembly: A complete unit consisting of the wick and its sustainer or clip. The wick assembly is an essential component of a candle, responsible for facilitating the burning process.
The wick, typically made of cotton or a cotton-core blend, is the part that draws up the melted wax to fuel the flame. The sustainer or clip is the metal piece at the base of the wick that anchors it to the candle and helps maintain its position during burning. They also make wood wick assemblies as well.
Choosing the appropriate wick assembly is crucial for achieving the desired burn characteristics, including flame stability, even melting, and optimal fragrance release.
Candlemakers carefully select wick assemblies based on factors such as the type of wax used, the candle’s size, and the desired burn time.
Wick Curl: The bending or curving of the burning wick’s tip during the candle’s combustion. This phenomenon can result in an uneven flame and potentially affect the overall quality of the candle’s burn. Factors contributing to wick curl include the wick type and material, using a wick that is too large for the candle diameter, the wax formulation, and environmental factors such as drafts or airflow around the burning candle. Candlemakers often address wick curl by experimenting with different wick types and sizes, adjusting wax formulations, and considering the candle’s environment to achieve a straight and even burn.
A wick curl can cause a secondary ignition if the wick curls down and touches the melt pool.
Wick Down: The process of intentionally using a smaller or thinner wick (Not a shorter wick) in a subsequent candle iteration, often to achieve a slower or controlled burn. Candlemakers may adjust the size or type of wick used in a particular candle design to modify burning characteristics, such as flame size, heat output, or overall performance.
This technique allows candle makers to fine-tune their creations, ensuring that the candle burns optimally for the intended purpose or environment. Adjusting the wick size is one of the methods employed to achieve specific outcomes, and it requires careful consideration of factors such as wax type, container size, and fragrance load to maintain a balanced and safe burning experience.
Wick Pin: A slender rod or pin used to temporarily support the wick during the pouring and cooling stages. Inserted through the center of the wick, the wick pin prevents the wick from drifting or leaning as the wax solidifies. This ensures a straight and even wick position within the candle. After the wax has solidified, the wick pin can be gently removed, leaving the wick securely centered in the finished candle. Wick pins come in various sizes to accommodate different wick diameters and container or mold sizes, providing essential support for proper wick placement in the candle-making process.
Wick Stabilizer: A small device that serves to keep the wick centered and upright during the pouring and cooling of the wax. Its primary function is to prevent the wick from leaning or shifting, ensuring it maintains a proper alignment within the candle. The wick stabilizer provides support to the wick, preventing bending or slanting as the wax solidifies, resulting in a straight and consistent appearance in the finished candle. Designed for specific container sizes or types, wick stabilizers are compatible and offer ease of use, often allowing for straightforward insertion into the container before pouring the wax. Particularly valuable in container candle making, wick stabilizers contribute to the overall quality and aesthetics of the finished candle by preventing issues like leaning wicks or uneven burns.
Stabilizers can be made at home with popsicle sticks with a hole drilled in the center.
Wick Sticker: a small, adhesive-backed disc or sticker applied to the base of the wick. Its primary role is to securely attach the wick to the bottom of the container or mold during the pouring process. By stabilizing the wick in the center, the wick sticker ensures that it remains upright and centered as the wax solidifies. This simple yet effective tool streamlines the process of wick placement, contributing to an even burn in the finished candle. Wick stickers are particularly useful in container candle making, providing a convenient and efficient solution for maintaining proper wick positioning.
Wick Tab: A small metal base attached to the end of a candle wick. It serves the crucial functions of stabilizing the wick, ensuring it remains centered within the candle during the pouring and burning processes, and providing a secure attachment to the bottom of the candle. The wick tab also acts as the ignition point for lighting the candle, as the exposed wick extends above the tab for easy access. The choice of wick tab size and material depends on factors like the candle type, container size, and specific requirements of the candle maker. Properly securing the wick tab is essential for the overall stability and performance of the candle.
Wick Trimmer: A specialized tool used to trim the wick of a burning candle to the recommended length, typically around 1/4 inch (6 mm). This tool, often in the form of scissors or shears with a specific handle design, allows users to reach down into candle jars or containers. Regular wick trimming with this tool helps prevent issues like excessive soot and smoke by maintaining a controlled flame height. It also promotes even burning, reduces mushrooming (carbon buildup), and extends the overall life of the candle. Using a wick trimmer is a recommended practice to ensure a clean, efficient, and safe candle-burning experience.
Wick Up: The intentional use of a larger or thicker (Not Longer) wick in a subsequent candle iteration. Candlemakers may choose to wick up to achieve a more robust flame, increase the heat output, or address issues such as tunneling or uneven burning in previous batches.
Choosing a larger wick can impact various burning characteristics, including the size and intensity of the flame, the rate of wax consumption, and the overall performance of the candle. However, it’s important for candle makers to carefully assess and adjust other factors, such as the type of wax, fragrance load, and container size, to ensure a balanced and safe burning experience when wicking up.
Yellow Beeswax: Beeswax with a natural yellow color, often used in candle making for its warm and honey-like appearance. See Also: Beeswax
Yield: The amount or quantity of candles produced from a specific batch of wax.
Actual definitions are found in the dictionary.
When talking with other candle makers in forums and community groups, you may see abbreviations being used and this is a list of the most commonly seen abbreviations.
CT: Cold Throw
EO: Essential Oil
FL: Fragrance Load
FO: Fragrance Oil
HT: Hot Throw
IFRA: International Fragrance Association
MP: Melt Pool
MSDS: Manufacturer’s Safety Data Sheet
OOB: Out Of The Bottle
ROC: Rate Of Consumption
SDS: Safety Data Sheet